<p>Aspendale is a historic house and plantation property on Delaware Route 300 west of Kenton, Kent County, Delaware, United States. The main house, built 1771–73, has been under a single family&#39;s ownership since construction and is a rare, well-preserved example of a Georgian "Quaker plan" house. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1970.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Aspendale is located about 1 mi west of Kenton, on the north side of Delaware Route 300. The property is over 200 acre in size, consisting of fields and woodlands roughly bisected by the road. The main house is set near the road, surrounded by landscaping. It is a modest -story brick structure with a gabled roof and end chimneys joined by curtain walls. A single-story gable-roofed wood-frame addition extends to one side. The front and rear of the main block consist of brick laid in a Flemish bond, while the ends are laid in a common bond. The main facade is three bays wide, with a symmetrical arrangement of sash windows around a center entrance. In a traditional Delaware pattern, the ground-floor windows have paneled shutters, while the upper-level windows have louvered shutters. The interior has a rare example of a "Quaker plan", with a sizeable front-to-back parlor on the east side and a study and living room separated by a hall on the west side. These rooms all exhibit original woodwork and other features.</p><br>
<p>The land on which the house stands was deeded in 1770 to Charles Numbers and was (as of its landmark designation in 1970) still in the hands of Numbers&#39; descendants. The house was built between 1771 and 1773. The large parlor was subdivided with partitions in the 19th century, and a Victorian porch was added; both elements were reversed during a restoration of the property in the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>The Austin F. Williams Carriagehouse and House is a historic house at 127 Main Street in Farmington, Connecticut. Built in the mid-19th century, the property was designated a National Historic Landmark for the role it played in the celebrated case of the Amistad Africans, and as a "station" on the Underground Railroad.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Austin Williams (1805–1885) and his wife Jennet Cowles Williams were abolitionists. This property first became important in the Amistad case. When the Mende men who had participated in the revolt on the slave ship La Amistad were released from prison in 1841, Williams purchased this property and erected a dormitory building in which the Mende men could stay while awaiting arrangements for their return to Africa. Williams was friends with Lewis Tappan who was assisting the Africans. The structure that was built is now part of the carriage house. The men did agricultural work during this period. In 1842, the Williamses built their Greek Revival house. The cellar of the carriage house served as a hiding place for escaping slaves as a part of the Underground Railroad.</p><br>
<p>The site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1998. It is located at 127 Main Street in Farmington and is part of the Farmington Historic District. The house is a private residence and is not open to the public.</p><br>
<p>From 1802 to 1921, Eleutherian Mills was a gunpowder mill site used for the manufacture of explosives founded by Eleuthère Irénée du Pont, which grew into the DuPont company. The name also refers to the house on the hill above the mills, which was the first du Pont family home in America. In 1957 the site became an outdoor museum when the Hagley Museum and Library was founded. The site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1966.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Jacob Broom built a cotton mill on the Brandywine Creek just north of Wilmington, Delaware, in 1795, which burned down in 1797. In 1802, he sold the site, complete with a working dam and mill race, to Eleuthère Irénée du Pont, who paid $6,740 for the 95 acre, two years after he and his family left France to escape the French Revolution. He set up the Eleutherian gunpowder mill, based on gunpowder machinery bought from France and site plans for a gunpowder mill supplied by the French government. He also built housing for 30 workers. Saltpetre was refined in an area between the house and the mills that now is occupied by a formal garden. Charcoal was produced from the willow trees that lined the Brandywine.</p><br>
<p>The first domestic supplies of high-quality gunpowder in the USA were made here. By the end of 1804, DuPont had sold 39,000 pounds of powder; the following year, sales tripled. The federal government and John Jacob Astor&#39;s American Fur Company became regular customers. In 1813, the Hagley property, just downstream from the original mills, was purchased, doubling the size and capacity of the mills. Sales grew during the Mexican–American War and the Crimean War. During the American Civil War, the firm sold 4 million barrels of powder to the federal government. The mill became the largest manufacturer of explosive black powder in the USA</p><br>
<h3>Role of the du Ponts</h3><br>
<p>E. I. du Pont&#39;s wife and three children joined him in July 1802, and by 1803, the residence was complete. Their home served as a center of business and social life at Eleutherian Mills for years to come. As he travelled frequently for business affairs, his eldest son Albert Victor became responsible for managing the running of the mills in his absence. Members of the du Pont family ran the powder mills until its closing in 1921. Pierre S. du Pont (1870–1954), who was president of DuPont from 1915 to 1919, and chairman of the board when the mill closed, founded what is today Longwood Gardens.</p><br>
<h3>Life at Eleutherian Mills</h3><br>
<p>Eleutherian Mills served as a home to the du Pont family for generations, as well as to those who were employed by them. The early du Pont family consisted of E.I. du Pont, his wife Sophie, and their eight children, with extended family in New Jersey. The du Pont household also included those not related to the family, including slaves and indentured servants. Those in the household performed mainly domestic duties, and those employed after the end of slavery and indentured servitude were often family members of those working in the powder mills. The education of children at this time was commonly the responsibility of an educated father. However, E.I. du Pont&#39;s travels made this impossible. Thus the education of the du Pont children was conducted through older siblings, specifically Victorine. Instead of sending their children to a public school or to a housewife, they sent Victorine to finishing school when she was 13. At 15, Victorine was considered qualified to teach her younger siblings.</p><br>
<p>Powder mill workers and their families also lived in towns near the powder yard or even along the Brandywine on DuPont property at Eleutherian Mills. Some of these workers communities included private family homes, small villages of dwellings, and larger facilities that rented living spaces to employees. The Upper Banks referred to the original powder yards, the main du Pont residence, and workers communities upstream along the Brandywine. Many of the workers homes were damaged by an explosion in 1890 and subsequently leveled by the 1915 explosion. Charles Banks, which comprised ten to fifteen residences, was located downstream from the Upper Banks and located in front of smaller communities of four to six row home units, specifically Duck Street and Chicken Alley. Other workers communities included Walker&#39;s Bank and Henry Clay Village. The communities and villages developed within and near Eleutherian Mills also provided taverns, general stores, schools, post offices, and more.</p><br>
<h3>Mill explosions</h3><br>
<p>Between 1802 and 1921 there were 288 explosions leading to the deaths of 228 people. The three most deadly and remembered explosions occurred in 1818, 1890 and 1915. The 1890 explosion occurred in the Upper Yard, and the 1915 explosion occurred in the Packing House. The 1818 explosion killed 34 people, the 1890 explosion killed 12 people, and the 1915 explosion killed 30 people. Another explosion in 1857 fatally injured five employees, including company partner Alexis Irénée du Pont.</p><br>
<h3>Transformation to a museum and historic site</h3><br>
<p>After the introduction of smokeless powder, the mills were to be closed in the 1910s but were kept open at the request of the federal government until after the end of World War I. It closed permanently as a business in 1921.</p><br>
<h2>The site</h2><br>
<p>The mill buildings used in the manufacture of gunpowder were built with strong stone-walled structures on three sides but were only covered by light wood structures on the fourth side, which faced out onto the Brandywine Creek. When an accident occurred, the explosion was directed away from the other mills and storage areas and over the creek.</p><br>
<p>Water power was provided from a mill race behind the mills, thus further isolating the mills in case of accident. One water wheel was often used to provide power to two mills. Water turbines were introduced in the 1840s.</p><br>
<p>Alfred Victor du Pont acquired additional property downstream from the Eleutherian Mills to add to the manufacturing site. One of these properties was called Hagley, and it became known as the Hagley Yard. Most of the industrial remains are located in the Hagley Yard. The mills were used in the purification, crushing, and mixing of charcoal, sulfur, and saltpeter. Other mills in the complex were used for glazing and corning, making metal powder kegs, and in cotton and woolen manufacturing. Stables, offices, a machine shop, and a steam powerhouse from the late 19th century also were located in the complex, as was a narrow gauge railway.</p><br>
<p>Lombardy Hall is a historic house at 1611 Concord Pike in Fairfax, Delaware. Probably built about 1750, this stone house is notable as the home of USA Founding Father Gunning Bedford Jr. , a delegate to the Constitutional Convention and a signer of the U. S. Constitution. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Lombardy Hall is located in Brandywine Hundred north of Wilmington, Delaware, on the east side of Concord Pike (United States Route 202, north of its junction with Foulk Road (Delaware Route 261). It is a -story stone structure, with a slate side gable roof and brick chimneys. The main facade is five bays wide, with a center entrance topped by a four-light transom window. Interior features include original wooden paneling, cornice moulding, staircases, and trim. The main ballroom has a particularly fine Federal style fireplace mantel.</p><br>
<p>This property, once much larger, was purchased in 1785 by Gunning Bedford Jr. At the time, it had a three-bay stone house, which Bedford had enlarged to its present five-bay size by the addition of the ballroom wing. Bedford was one of Delaware&#39;s delegates to the Philadelphia Convention, whose principal outcome was the United States Constitution. At the convention, Bedford gave a particularly impassioned speech arguing for better representation in the government of small states, contributing to the eventual adoption of the per-state equal representation in the United States Senate. Bedford later served as a federal judge, and divided his residency between this house and a townhouse in Wilmington.</p><br>
<p>Since 1968, the house has been owned by a local Masonic lodge, which in the late 20th century oversaw its restoration. Bedford was the first Grand Master of the Delaware Masons.</p><br>
<p>Stonum, also called Stoneham, is a historic house at 900 Washington Avenue in New Castle, Delaware. Its main section built about 1750, it was the country home of George Read , a signer of the Declaration of Independence. His advocacy enabled Delaware to become the first state ratifying the declaration. The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1973. It is the only building standing associated with this Founding Father.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Stonum is located west of the downtown area of New Castle, at the northwest corner of Washington Street (Delaware Route 9) and 9th Street. It is set on small wooded lot, facing roughly toward 9th Street. It is a -story brick structure, with a gabled roof and chimneys built into the side walls. A two-story ell extends to the rear, which is probably of older age than the main block. The front facade is four bays wide, with the entrance in the center-right bay, and a single-story porch across the full width, supported by brick posts. The interior has an unusual center hall plan, with the main stairway set immediately to the right of the hall, in what is normally an intra-wall space between the hall and the right-side parlor. The interior has many original finishes, including elegant period fireplace mantels and cornice moulding, and original wooden floors.</p><br>
<p>The oldest portion of the house, its kitchen ell, was built about 1730. The front portion of the house was added before 1769. A further addition was made in 1850, while a concrete block porch was added in the 1920s. The house once enjoyed an expansive view of the Delaware River, which is now obscured by mature plantings and intervening development.</p><br>
<p>The house served as a tenant farm for George Read during the 1750s and 1760s; it is unclear if the main block was built during or prior to his period of ownership. It is the only surviving structure associated with Read, a prominent figure in Delaware politics through the Revolutionary period. His rented in-town house is only a few blocks away and burned in 1824, after Read had passed away and the building was being used as a bank. The location is now the site of the formal gardens attached to the George Read II House, built by his son. Read was an influential figure, contributing significantly to the drafting of Delaware&#39;s first state constitution in addition to his service in the Continental Congress (where he signed the United States Declaration of Independence), as President of Delaware, and as a delegate to the Philadelphia Convention which drafted the United States Constitution.</p><br>
<p>Odessa Historic District is a national historic district located at Odessa, New Castle County, Delaware. It encompasses 82 contributing buildings in the central business district and surrounding residential areas in the shipping and trading center of Odessa. It includes a mix of commercial and residential buildings primarily dating to the 18th and 19th century. The oldest building is the Collins-Sharp House . Other notable buildings include the Judge Lore House , Brick Hotel , the Davis Store , Cyrus Polk House , Zoar ME Church , Wilson-Warner House , Academy building , Red Men Lodge , and Old St. Pauls Methodist Episcopal parsonage. Also located in the district and separately listed are the Appoquinimink Friends Meetinghouse, Corbit-Sharp House, and Old St. Pauls Methodist Episcopal Church.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971, then increased in 1984.</p><br>
<p>301 High St. Odessa DE.JPG301 High St.</p><br>
<p>Cantwells Tavern Odessa DE.JPGCantwells Tavern</p><br>
<p>Old bank on Main Odessa DE.JPGBank on Main St.</p><br>
<p>Old Academy Odessa DE.JPGOld Academy</p><br>
<p>Jerdone Castle is a plantation located in Bumpass, Louisa County, Virginia, originally established. Jerdone Castle is a Virginia Historic Landmark and registered on the USA National Register of Historical Places. Originally 1,100 acre, much of the plantation&#39;s original land is submerged under Lake Anna. The estate currently contains 175 acre.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The oldest section of Jerdone Castle was built in 1742 by Francis Jerdone who came to Virginia from Scotland in 1740, as discussed below. In addition to expanding his original landholdings and building a residence, Jerdone operated stores, mills, and a forge. The later main section of the house was built in 1853 for Francis Jerdone&#39;s descendant Sarah Jerdone Coleman and her husband, Gen. Clayton G. Coleman (1807-1872). Its Italianate bracketed cornice and cupola emphasize its generous size.</p><br>
<p>The Louisa County, Virginia, Historical Society documents that on June 9, 1791, President George Washington was an overnight visitor at Jerdone Castle. Washingtons wife Martha was a close friend of Francis Jerdones wife Sarah. Papers from the Jerdone family, including life at and the maintenance of Jerdone Castle, can be found in the Special Collections Research Center at the College of William & Mary.</p><br>
<p>In 1879 the estate was purchased by Frank T. Glasgow of Richmond, father of the author Ellen Glasgow. Ellen Glasgow spent her childhood summers at Jerdone Castle, which she later said greatly influenced her writing. In the fourth chapter of The Woman Within, entitled "I Become a Writer," Miss Glasgow describes lying in the meadow at Jerdone Castle and realizing that writing was to be her future (VLR 280).</p><br>
<h2>Biographical note</h2><br>
<p>Francis Jerdone was born in Jedburgh in the Shire of Tivotdale, Scotland on January 30, 1721. He was the son of John Jerdone, a magistrate and treasurer of the town. At the age of nineteen, he immigrated to Virginia from Scotland and settled in Hanover County, Yorktown; and later in Louisa County. He made his living as a merchant (factor), running a mercantile business with George Pottie until his death in 1771.</p><br>
<p>He owned plantations in Hanover, York, Louisa and Albemarle Counties in Virginia. His Albemarle plantation is now the old part of the clubhouse at Farmington Country Club. His wife, Sarah (Macon) Jerdone, (1731–1818) was born in Virginia. Their sons included Francis Jerdone II, 1756–1841; John Jerdone, 1764–1786; and William, 1769–1772. Their daughters included Mary, b. 1754; Sarah, 1757–1793; Elizabeth, 1759–1830; Isabella, 1761–1825; Anne, 1763–1794; and Martha, b. 1767. Elizabeth was the wife of Alexander Macauley, a merchant of Yorktown, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>His son, Francis Jerdone II, was a planter of Louisa County, Virginia. He was born on February 9, 1756, in Louisa County, Virginia, and died on April 29, 1841, in Louisa County, Virginia. His wife, Mary "Polly" Byars, was born on December 2, 1771, in Louisa County, Virginia; died March 12, 1821, in Louisa County, Virginia. She was the daughter of Captain John Byars.</p><br>
<p>Francis and Mary&#39;s sons included John Jerdone, a planter of Spotsylvania County, Virginia. John was born October 11, 1800, in Louisa County, Virginia, and died on December 2, 1863, in Henderson, Kentucky. This family were the absentee landowners of Providence Forge, New Kent County, Virginia. He married Barbara Ann Callis on November 30, 1830, in Louisa County, Virginia. Barbara Ann Callis, born February 25, 1814, in Louisa Co., Virginia; died December 9, 1890, in Henderson, Kentucky. She was the daughter of William Overton Callis and Anne Price.</p><br>
<p>Francis Jerdone, III, b. 1802, a planter of Orange County; and William Jerdone, b. 1805, a planter of New Kent County, Virginia. Daughters of Francis Jerdone II included Sarah Jerdone Coleman and Mary Jerdone Toler.</p><br>
<p>The West Dickson Street Commercial Historic District, known as Dickson Street , is an area in downtown Fayetteville, Arkansas just off the University of Arkansas campus. It is lined with multiple bars, restaurants, and shops unique to the area. Many large condo projects are now under construction as well. JJ&#39;s Bar and Grill also has the best catfish nuggets in town. Dickson Street is home to the Walton Arts Center and is widely considered one of the two most popular entertainment districts in the state, along with the River Market District in downtown Little Rock.</p><br>
<h2>Eponym</h2><br>
<p>Dickson Street is named for Joseph L. Dickson, who arrived in Fayetteville in the 1840s. The move was in response to his father, Ephraim Dickson, receiving a promotion to United States Land Registrar by President James K. Polk. Dickson first lived on the Fayetteville square before buying a 20 acre parcel on the north edge of town, moving himself and his wife to present day Dickson Street. The American Civil War forced the Dicksons to flee to Texas, and their home was used as a field hospital during the Battle of Fayetteville. The Dicksons returned to Fayetteville after the war, but Joseph Dickson died of tuberculosis in 1868.</p><br>
<h2>Street history</h2><br>
<p>Dickson Street was a part of the Arkansas Highway System until the Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department abandoned the route on April 13, 1955. The designation changed when Highway 16 was rerouted onto Maple Street and Razorback Road.</p><br>
<p>The Buttolph–Williams House is a historic house museum at 249 Broad Street in Wethersfield, Connecticut. Built in 1711, it is one of the oldest surviving houses in the town. It is owned by Connecticut Landmarks, a historic preservation organization, and is open for regular tours between May and October. it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1968 for its significance as an extremely well-preserved example of early colonial architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Buttolph–Williams House is a -story timber-frame structure, three bays wide and one deep, with a steeply pitched side-gable roof and a large central chimney. A -story addition, with its own chimney, extends to the rear of the house. The main entrance, centered on the front facade, is unadorned. The other bays of the main facade are filled with diamond-pane windows that are a reconstruction of the original size and placement of windows when the house was built. The upper story hangs over the lower one by a few inches, built in a way that indicates it is a false overhang done for decorative rather than architectural reasons. The siding is reproduction split wood siding, manufactured in the 20th century using techniques similar to those employed at the turn of the 18th century. The interior has also undergone a careful restoration, and now houses furnishings and artifacts appropriate to the period of its construction.</p><br>
<p>Although once thought to have been built between 1692 and 1698,</p><br>
<p>The house was declared a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1968.</p><br>
<p>The Capt. Nathaniel B. Palmer House is a historic house museum in Stonington, Connecticut, built in 1852&ndash;54. The house is a transitional style between the Greek revival and the Victorian Italianate. The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Palmer House is set on a point of land separating Quanaduck Cove from Lamberts Cove to the north of Stonington Borough, the townships coastal village. It occupies a 4 acre plot of land, all that is left of extensive Palmer family holdings. It is a roughly square wood-frame structure, three bays wide and stories in height, with a kitchen ell. The roof is hipped, with a gable at the center of each facade. At the center of the roof is an octagonal cupola with windows providing a 360-degree view. The main entrance is sheltered by a flat-roof portico supported by pairs of fluted and tapered Corinthian columns, with paired paneled pilasters flanking the double door. The windows on the main facade are framed by molded cornices with consoles. Roof lines of the main roof, portico, and cupola have dentil-like consoles and brackets. The interior of the house follows a central hall plan, with four rooms on each floor. The public rooms have particularly well-executed plaster, woodwork, and marble decoration. Of particular note is the captains study on the ground floor, which features built-in cabinetry with shelving for nautical charts with mahogany-veneered paneled doors.</p><br>
<p>The house was built for Nathaniel Palmer and his brother Alexander in 1852, and was Palmer&#39;s home until his death in 1877. He died childless, and left the property to his niece and nephew-in-law; it remained in the hands of their descendants until 1976. The house was threatened with demolition in the early 1990s, and was purchased by the Stonington Historical Society in 1995.</p><br>
<p>Nathaniel Palmer was born into a seafaring family, and made his first voyage at the age of 14. Stonington was a center of the seal-hunting trade, which Palmer was drawn to in 1819. In the following year he was assigned to captain a small sloop (about half the size of Christopher Columbus ship the Niña) which served as the tender and exploratory vanguard of a fleet of seven larger sealers. During an ocean voyage covering about 100,000 nmi, Palmer on November 17, 1820, sighted the Antarctic Peninsula, and area that came to be called Palmer Land. Palmers role in the discovery is further commemorated in the name of the American research station, Palmer Station. In his later years Palmer engaged in the design of faster sailing vessels, designing a prototypical clipper ship in 1843 while on a trading journey to China. Built the following year, the Houqua made the journey from New York City to Canton, China in a record 95 days.</p><br>
<p>The Charles H. Norton House, also known as Sharpenhoe, is a historic house at 132 Redstone Hill in Plainville, Connecticut. Built in 1922, this brick Georgian Revival house was the home of inventor and machinist Charles Hotchkiss Norton , a Plainville native, from 1922 until his death. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976 for its association with Norton, who designed heavy-duty precision grinding machines important for development of the automobile industry.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Sharpenhoe, as it was called by Norton, is a two-story brick structure with a hip roof and three chimneys. The main facade is six bays in width, with windows of varying sizes in most of the bays. The right-center bay on both floors is taken up by a single double-casement window with a round-arch top, while the first floor of the left-center bay has the main entrance. The door is topped by a half-round transom window, and is sheltered by a gable-roof portico supported by columns and pilasters. Three gable-roof dormers pierce the front of the roof, while another dormer is worked between the two chimneys on the right side, with round-arch decorative brickwork. The building is not of particular architectural significance; its designer and builder are not known.</p><br>
<p>Charles Norton was born in Plainville to a cabinetmaker in 1851, and apprenticed at the Seth Thomas Clock Company at age 15. He worked there until he was 35, rising to manager, and mastering the principles of the manufacture of interchangeable parts. He was then employed in Providence, Rhode Island at Brown & Sharpe, where he mastered the manufacture of precision grinding equipment. In his later years he applied this expertise broadly to all manner of manufacturing processes, with particular emphasis on the nascent automobile industry in the early decades of the 20th century. Sharpenhoe is the home to which he retired, and where he spent the last 20 years of his life.</p><br>
<p>The Advance Thresher/Emerson-Newton Implement Company buildings in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, are a pair of buildings designed by Kees and Colburn. The two buildings are united under a common cornice and appear to be a single structure. However, the two buildings were actually built four years apart. The Advance Thresher Company building was built in 1900 and has six floors. The adjacent Emerson-Newton Plow Company building was built in 1904 and has seven floors.</p><br>
<p>The architecture of the buildings was influenced by Louis Sullivan. They are ornamented with terra cotta details that are more Classical Revival in nature. The buildings were renovated into offices in the 1980s. As of August 2024, the buildings house a Canopy by Hilton hotel and two restaurants. They are listed on the National Register of Historic Places for local significance in architecture for exemplifying the Sullivanesque style influencing large industrial and commercial buildings at the turn of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The Russell Henry Chittenden House is a historic house at 83 Trumbull Street in New Haven, Connecticut. Built in the 1880s, it was the longtime home of Russell Henry Chittenden, who lived there from 1887 to his death in 1943. Chittenden, known as the "father of American biochemistry", was a professor at Yale University, and the house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1975 in recognition of his importance.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Chittenden House is an irregularly shaped three-story brick structure with Queen Anne elements. It has projecting gabled sections, including a shingled projecting square turret at one corner. It has tall chimneys with corbelling and molded caps at the top. Although its interior has been remodeled to accommodate multiple units, the alterations retained much of the original interior decorative elements.</p><br>
<p>The house was purchased by Russell Henry Chittenden in 1887, probably from its builder, and was to remain his home until his death in 1943. Chittenden was born in New Haven in 1856, and studied chemistry at Yale. On a trip to Germany in 1878 to study with leading German chemists he became interested in the chemistry of digestion, which would become a lifelong study. He became a professor at Yale in 1882, and headed a laboratory in which the study of physiology and chemistry were combined. His principal innovations revolved around developing techniques and an understanding of the digestive process, in particular the role enzymes played in the breakdown of complex protein molecules. He also made early strides in the field of nutrition, setting the stage for later developments in that area. His influence also extended to the school itself, building one of the finest biochemistry departments in the nation.</p><br>
<p>The house was designated a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station  is the Connecticut state government&#39;s agricultural experiment station, a state government component that engages in scientific research and public outreach in agriculture and related fields. It is the oldest state experiment station in the United States, having been founded in 1875. Its official mission is to "develop, advance, and disseminate scientific knowledge, improve agricultural productivity and environmental quality, protect plants, and enhance human health and well-being through research for the benefit of Connecticut residents and the nation." The station operates a main research campus in New Haven, a research farm in Hamden, a satellite research facility and farm in Windsor, and a research farm in Griswold. The Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station is a separate agricultural research agency, founded in 1887 and part of the University of Connecticut, which also receives state and federal funding.</p><br>
<h2>Historic campus in New Haven</h2><br>
<p>The experiment station&#39;s main facility in the Prospect Hill area of New Haven dates from 1882 when it became the permanent home of the first state agricultural experiment station.</p><br>
<p>By 1882, the station needed more space, and Sheffield needed its space back. A 5 acre property at the top of Prospect Hill was purchased and buildings built, using a $25,000 appropriation from the state legislature. The buildings include the Osborne Library, built in 1882-83 and believed to be the oldest building at any state agricultural experimental station, and the Johnson Laboratory, which has notably large brackets supporting its wide overhanging eaves.</p><br>
<p>For much of its history, the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station worked closely with the Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station, which was founded in 1887 at the University of Connecticut in Storrs.</p><br>
<p>The main campus in New Haven currently houses the activities of six departments: Analytical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Genetics, Entomology, Environmental Sciences, Forestry and Horticulture and Plant Pathology and Ecology.</p><br>
<h2>Recent research activities</h2><br>
<h3>Analytical Chemistry</h3><br>
<p>The founding department of the Station, Analytical Chemistry began its work in 1875 testing fertilizer and later seeds, animal feed, human foods, drugs, and pesticides. This work continues today, and is organized into two categories: food safety and environmental monitoring. The department works with State and Federal agencies to improve pesticide and toxin screening of food sold in Connecticut. The department also has the capability to test for environmental contaminants and toxins in toys and other consumer products at very low concentrations. They test soils for heavy metals, and are investigating the cycling of organic pollutants in the environment, with an emphasis on phytoremediation issues. Additional investigations on the impact of nanoparticles on agricultural crops and on the potential contamination of the food chain are also being undertaken. Work has also been conducted in collaboration with Biochemistry and Genetics as well as colleagues from the Valley Laboratory to investigate which seed crops are best suited for the production of biodiesel in Connecticut. Recently, the department has been working with the US FDA on the testing of seafood from the Gulf of Mexico for chemical by-products of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.</p><br>
<h3>Biochemistry and Genetics</h3><br>
<p>Biochemistry research began at the station in 1888 with the appointment of Thomas B. Osborne and Samuel W. Johnson to study plant proteins. Today, the department focuses largely on plant genetics to identify and clone beneficial plant genes to improve crop species. Recent work includes the control of soil-borne pests by cloning genes from plants in the mustard family (Brassicaceae) that enable plants to protect their roots from nematodes. Work is also conducted on elucidating the genetic basis for photosynthetic performance in plant leaves (10). Furthermore, the department helps protect honeybee colonies by developing early-detection tests for American Foulbrood(AFB) disease, and establish protocols to control the causal bacterium. This department was blended with other departments starting in 2015.</p><br>
<h3>Entomology</h3><br>
<p>The department is continuing its pioneering research on Lyme disease and its vector in Connecticut, the blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis); biological control of ticks using the fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae; and has developed new testing methods for tick-borne illnesses in humans, wildlife and domesticated animals. Every year, thousands of ticks are sent in from around the state to be tested for disease agents. The department also conducts research on the biology and control of exotic insects, including the invasive Asian long-horned beetle and emerald ash borer, looking at the chemistry of tree selection and mating behavior. The Entomology department supports agricultural production in Connecticut with integrated pest management (IPM) efforts, helping reduce pesticide use.</p><br>
<h3>Environmental Sciences</h3><br>
<p>The Experiment Station has conducted research on mosquitoes and the diseases they carry since 1909. This work is carried on today within the Environmental Sciences Department (formerly “Soil and Water”). Mosquitoes are collected from around the state of Connecticut then tested for West Nile virus, eastern equine encephalitis and other disease-causing agents. Researchers have also undertaken an effort to map the distribution of invasive aquatic plants within the state and investigate methods to control their growth and spread. Scientists are also conducting research on Phytoremediation, which focuses on the ability of certain cucurbit species to remove persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as PCBs and DDT from soil. The department also tests soil samples sent in by Connecticut businesses and residents.</p><br>
<h3>Forestry and Horticulture</h3><br>
<p>New crops suited to Connecticut (such as Chinese cabbage, calabaza, and heirloom tomatoes as well as cultivars of wine grapes and different viticulture methods are being investigated. Scientists have also studied white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) behavior in hopes of keeping these animals away from highways to prevent vehicle-deer collisions, and to reduce damage to tree saplings, crops, and gardens. The department has surveyed certain forest plots every decade since 1927 (with the exception of 1947), providing information about how forests change over long periods of time. Researchers have also investigated techniques for crop-tree management that both increases yields and improves forest health. Department scientists are currently investigating the association of Japanese barberry (an invasive shrub), white-footed mice, and Ixodes ticks that carry the Lyme disease organism and other human pathogens in the state&#39;s forests, and cost-effective means to control invasive plant species.</p><br>
<h3>Plant Pathology and Ecology</h3><br>
<p>The plant pathology and ecology department works to expand knowledge of ecological interactions of plants, pathogens, and their environment to develop management strategies for plant pathogens with minimal use of pesticides. Current research includes investigating the use of nanoparticles of metal oxides on plant diseases, deciphering the role of soil protists in crop health, investigating the genetic structure in natural populations of a fungus causing perennial cankers of birch, understanding the genetics of pathogenic bacteria, and protecting CT vineyards from new viral pathogens. The department also runs a full service Plant Diagnostic Information Office and serves as the official seed testing laboratory for the state of Connecticut.</p><br>
<h3>Valley Laboratory</h3><br>
<p>Previously referred to as the “Tobacco Substation,” the Valley Laboratory in Windsor, CT has a long history of improving the cultivation of tobacco leaves in Connecticut for use as fine cigar wrappers. The “Tobacco Laboratory,” (now simply the Valley Laboratory) building was completed in 1941. Today, research covers areas such as the production of biofuel crops, invasive plant management, developing integrated pest management (IPM) methods for Connecticut nurseries, and management of the exotic hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae).</p><br>
<h3>Lockwood Farm</h3><br>
<p>The research farm is named after William Raymond Lockwood. He was a resident of Norwalk, CT who willed his estate to CAES, proceeds from the sale of which went towards the purchase of 20 acres of land in the Mount Carmel area of Hamden, CT in 1909(12). During the mid-twentieth century, James G. Horsfall (former Station Director) used the farm to test organically-derived fungicides as a replacement for the heavy metals used to treat plant diseases at the time. Since 1931, the farm managers have taken daily, systematic weather measurements which provide information that can be used to study Connecticut&#39;s climate. Many plant varieties and growing methods are tested. Every year in August the farm hosts the annual Plant Science Day.</p><br>
<h3>Griswold Research Center</h3><br>
<p>The most recent addition to the CT Agricultural Experiment Stations holdings, Griswold Research Center, encompasses 14 acres of farmland in Griswold, CT and an additional parcel of forest in the adjacent town of Voluntown, CT. Transferred from the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) in 2008, current activities on the property include studies of cold-hardy grape vine varieties, the cultivation of rapeseed for biofuel production and the biocontrol of soil nematodes. There is also an office for the State Bee Inspector, who monitors Connecticuts honeybee populations.</p><br>
<h2>Station directors</h2><br>
<p>The station has had just ten directors during its history:</p><br>
<p>Dr. Wilbur Olin Atwater (1875–1877)</p><br>
<p>Dr. Samuel William Johnson (1877–1900)</p><br>
<p>Dr. Edward Hopkins Jenkins (1900–1923)</p><br>
<p>Dr. William L. Slate (1923–1947)</p><br>
<p>Dr. James G. Horsfall (1948–1971)</p><br>
<p>Dr. Paul E. Waggoner (1972–1987)</p><br>
<p>Dr. John F. Anderson (1987–2004)</p><br>
<p>Dr. Louis A. Magnarelli (2004–2013)</p><br>
<p>Dr. Theodore G. Andreadis (2013–2020)</p><br>
<p>Dr. Jason C. White (2020–present)</p><br>
<h2>Notable scientific contributions</h2><br>
<h3>Amino acids and the discovery of vitamins</h3><br>
<p>In 1909 station chemist Thomas B. Osborne began collaborating with Lafayette Mendel of Yale University to test the nutritive value of the proteins that Osborne had isolated from crop seeds.</p><br>
<p>Through feeding trials with albino rats, they determined that the type and quality of protein actually was more important to growth than quantity. They found that certain amino acids were lacking in the proteins isolated from grains. For example, when rats were given only zein, found in corn, as their protein source in an otherwise complete diet, their health declined and they died. This occurred because zein lacks the essential amino acids lysine and tryptophan. When the researchers added tryptophan to the isolated zein, rats were able to survive but did not grow. When both tryptophan and lysine were added, the rats both survived and grew rapidly. Osborne and Mendel also found that the gliadin, the protein found in wheat was lacking certain amino acids, and that like corn, these deficiencies could be amended by combining grain foods with animal proteins such as eggs or milk. This experiment demonstrated that animals need to acquire certain amino acids from food, which are now referred to as the essential amino acids.</p><br>
<p>In their study of proteins, Osborne and Mendel also aided in the discovery of vitamins. During their feeding trials, they noticed that young rats fed diets with sufficient carbohydrate (in the form of wheat flour) and purified protein, but with vegetable fats or lard instead of butter grew and developed normally for around eighty days, then suddenly began to decline in health and weight then soon died. Many of the animals also developed sore eyes or even ulcers on their eyeballs. Something other than carbohydrates, fats and complete proteins was missing from this artificial diet. When a small amount of butter was added to the feed mixture, the afflicted rats soon recovered completely and continued growing. Whole-milk powder also had the same effect on rat growth. In 1913, the Station&#39;s Annual Report stated that “experiments have shown that some still unknown substance is essential to growth and that this unknown substance is present in milk. Much work is being done in an effort to discover an isolate this substance.” As it turns out, this substance was Vitamin A. Concurrently with Osborne and Mendel, Elmer V. McCollum (a former student of Osborne) and Marguerite Davis at the University of Wisconsin were obtaining similar results, and although the scientists submitted their report for publication several weeks prior to the Station scientists, it is clear that both parties discovered vitamins independently.</p><br>
<h3>Development of hybrid corn</h3><br>
<p>In the early 20th century, Station scientists Edward M. East and Herbert K. Hayes began attempts to improve the quality and yield of corn (Zea mays) through selective breeding and hybridization. In 1906, East realized that steps to prevent self- and close-fertilization made it easier to select for desirable traits (such as large ear size) when breeding. Hayes and East later found described that a cross, or hybrid, between two inbred varieties of corn produced offspring that was more vigorous, larger and hardier that both of the parents, but this improvement was lost over successive inbred generations.</p><br>
<p>In 1914, Donald F. Jones arrived at the station at the age of twenty-five, and began to build upon the work of East and Hayes. By 1917, he had published his theory of “heterosis,” which explained the increased vigor and yield observed in hybrid maize. The same year, he created a double-cross hybrid corn by breeding two separate hybrid individuals. This new cross descended from four distinct inbred lines, and was even more vigorous than either of its parents. However, like the single-cross hybrid, this improvement was lost over subsequent generations of inbreeding. Jones published his double-cross method in 1919, and began actively promoting the technique as a means to improve corn production nationally: “it is something that may easily be taken up by seedsmen; in fact, it is the first time in agricultural history that a seedsman is enabled to gain full benefit from a desirable origination of his own… The utilization of first generation hybrids enables to originator to keep the parental types and give out only the crossed seeds, which are less valuable for continued propagation.”</p><br>
<p>Because corn is a self-fertilizing plant, the prevention of inbreeding when producing hybrid seeds required time-consuming detasseling. In the 1940s and 50&#39;s, Jones collaborated with Paul Mangelsdorf of Harvard University to eliminate the need to remove the tassels from plants in seed production through utilizing a sterile plant and male restorer gene, making the production of corn more cost-efficient.</p><br>
<h3>"Morgan" method of soil testing</h3><br>
<p>Dr. M. F. Morgan, Chief of Soils Department for twenty years, developed a method that still bears his name to test for soil nutrients that are available to plants using weak acids. This test was able to estimate deficiencies or excesses of plant nutrients in soil. Dr. Morgan was also a Lieutenant Colonel in the USA Army during World War II, and was killed in action on the Leyte Island in the Philippines in 1945.</p><br>
<p>Morgans soil test became the worlds first widely accepted method for efficiently estimating soil fertility, and is still in use today.</p><br>
<h3>Tick-borne diseases</h3><br>
<p>In 1975, there was a cluster of juvenile arthritis patients in the towns of Lyme and Old Lyme, CT, and scientists at the Station were among the first to determine that this disease was carried by ticks. After this discovery, scientists at the Station, including Dr. John F. Anderson and Dr. Louis A. Magnarelli (former Station Directors) along with collaborators from other institutions were able to isolate and identify the spirochete that causes Lyme disease in humans. Scientists at the Station were also instrumental in developing antibody tests to identify patients infected with Lyme disease agent as well as other tick-borne illnesses such as human granulocytic erlichiosis and babesiosis.</p><br>
<h2>Timeline of significant events</h2><br>
<p>1875: The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station is established; the first in the United States, and precursor for the nation&#39;s industrial research laboratories; founded twenty-five years prior to the General Electric laboratories, which was the first of its kind.</p><br>
<p>1882: The Station moves to its current location on Huntington Street in New Haven, land purchased from the Eli Whitney, Jr. family</p><br>
<p>1890: Dr. Roland Thaxter, botanist at the Station, determines the cause of potato scab (an actinomycete that infects tubers).</p><br>
<p>1900: Sumatran tobacco was planted under cloth canopies in Connecticut in an effort to simulate Sumatra&#39;s tropical climate. The resulting shade grown tobacco was considered second to none for making cigar wrappers and consequently revolutionized the industry in the Connecticut Valley.</p><br>
<p>1903: State entomologist William E. Britton and G. P. Clinton issue the first pesticide “spray</p><br>
<p>calendar” to be used by Connecticut farmers.</p><br>
<p>1905: The first gypsy moth discovered in Connecticut was found in Stonington, CT by E. Frensch of Mystic, CT. A female specimen, collected on July 25, was given to W. E. Britton and is still present in the Station&#39;s insect collection.</p><br>
<p>1907: Chestnut blight first seen in Connecticut.</p><br>
<p>1913: Thomas B. Osborne, chemist at the Station, and Lafayette B. Mendel of Yale University</p><br>
<p>demonstrate with rat feeding studies that animals require twenty essential amino acids in their</p><br>
<p>diet, and identify a “yellow substance” in butterfat vital for animal growth, which turned out to</p><br>
<p>be Vitamin A</p><br>
<p>1917: The first hybrid corn using a four-way cross made by geneticist Donald F. Jones. He also publishes the theory of “heterosis” to explain hybrid vigor in corn.</p><br>
<p>1919: Jones invents a double cross pollination method, which allows for commercial production of hybrid corn.</p><br>
<p>1921: The Valley Laboratory established in Windsor, CT (called Tobacco Substation at the time).</p><br>
<p>1933: Dutch elm disease was found in extreme southwestern Connecticut.</p><br>
<p>1938: First report of X-disease of peach in the USA by E. M. Stoddard</p><br>
<p>1942: Dr. M. F. Morgan, developer of the Morgan method of soil testing and Chief of the Soils Department, was killed in action in the Philippines during World War II.</p><br>
<p>1949: A. E. Dimond developed an injectable chemotherapy to treat Dutch elm disease.</p><br>
<p>1960: R.C. Wallis of the Station and collaborators isolated a virus that causes encephalitis from Aedes vexans, mosquitoes found in Connecticut.</p><br>
<p>1969: EPIDEM, the first computer simulation for development of a disease epidemic, was developed by P. E. Waggoner and J. G. Horsfall for early blight on tomato and potato.</p><br>
<p>1975: Biological control of chestnut blight was demonstrated using hypovirulence, which was associated with dsRNA transmitted by hyphal anastomosis.</p><br>
<p>1983: John F. Anderson, Louis A. Magnarelli (Station Director and Deputy Director, respectively, at the time) along with colleagues from Yale University and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, are able to isolated the causative agent of Lyme disease (the spirochete Borrelia burdorferi) from Ixodes ticks, a raccoon, and a white-footed mouse.</p><br>
<p>1989: T.G. Andreadis and R. M. Weseloh discover the fungus that caused the collapse of gypsy</p><br>
<p>moth populations.</p><br>
<p>1994: S. L. Anagnostakis is given the first permit to release a genetically recombinant biocontrol</p><br>
<p>agent into a Connecticut forest in an attempt to control chestnut blight disease.</p><br>
<p>1995: Magnarelli, Anderson and collaborators from Yale University, Johns Hopkins University, and University of Minnesota demonstrated that patients with Lyme disease also had antibodies to organisms that cause babesiosis and ehrlichiosis; Magnarelli, K.C. Stafford and scientists from the Johns Hopkins University and University of Rhode Island detected the DNA of the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent in ticks.</p><br>
<p>2005: The Department of Analytical Chemistry was selected through a competitive process as one of eight state laboratories across the country to receive funding from the United States Food and Drug Administration as a participant in the FERN (Food Emergency Response Network).</p><br>
<p>2009: The Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases is established at the Station. This joint venture between the Entomology and Environmental Sciences Departments aims to better understand the biology of arthropod-borne diseases and the organisms that transmit them.</p><br>
<p>2010: New methods developed to test seafood from the Gulf of Mexico for contamination with petroleum-related chemicals.</p><br>
<p>2011: Department of Entomology scientists make the first identification of the Emerald Ash Borer in CT</p><br>
<p>2012: The Plant Disease Information Office scientific staff make the first positive identification of Boxwood Blight in CT</p><br>
<p>2012: The Department of Analytical Chemistry, in conjunction with the US Food and Drug Administration, tests food from the Democratic and Republican National Conventions for toxins and poisons</p><br>
<p>2013: Valley Laboratory Scientists are awarded a US Patent on the disease-resistant “Rubicon” strawberry</p><br>
<p>2014: The Station Board of Control establishes the Louis A. Magnarelli Post-Doctoral Fellowship Program</p><br>
<p>2015: Opened the renovated and addition to the new Jenkins-Waggoner Laboratory</p><br>
<p>The James Dwight Dana House, also known as the Dana House, is a historic 19th-century Italianate house at 24 Hillhouse Avenue in New Haven, Connecticut, in the United States. This building, designed by New Haven architect Henry Austin, was the home of Yale University geology professor James Dwight Dana . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965 for its association with Dana, who produced the first published works emphasizing that the study of geology was a much broader discipline than the examination of individual rocks.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Dana House consists of three roughly rectangular painted brick sections, stories in height, with a low-pitch hip roof. The main block, apparently adapted from a stock pattern by New Haven architect Henry Austin, has a three-bay front facade, with a single-story porch extending across its width, supported by turned posts. The building&#39;s roof has typical Italianate wide eaves, with a wooden soffit and corbelled brickwork arches underneath. A square cupola rises above the main block. Additions on 1896 and 1905 extended the house to the north and east, stylistically sympathetic to the main block. The interior has retained much of its original handiwork.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1848-49 for James Dwight Dana and his bride Henrietta Silliman by her father, Benjamin Silliman, one of Yale&#39;s first professors of science. The design by Austin is not particularly elaborate or individually distinctive, as evidenced by the existence of two similar houses in the region. The house was purchased by Yale in 1962, and is currently home to its Department of Statistics & Data Science. It was renovated by the university in 1996. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.</p><br>
<p>James Dwight Dana education in geology, in addition to his studies with Professor Silliman, extended to the four-year United States Exploring Expedition (1838–42), in which Dana served as the staff geologist and mineralogist, and exposed him to a wide-ranging variety of geological formations and minerals. In addition to numerous reports and articles on the material from this expedition, Dana in 1862 produced the Manual of Geology, the first major work to describe the study of geology as an investigation of the processes that produced the landforms and minerals we see. More than just describing how individual types of rocks and minerals forms, he expanded the view to include descriptions of how major landforms such as mountains and valleys formed.</p><br>
<p>The Edward W. Morley House is a historic house and National Historic Landmark at 26 Westland Avenue in West Hartford, Connecticut. It is notable as the home of the scientist Edward W. Morley  from 1906 to 1923. Morley is famous for his collaboration with Albert A. Michelson on the Michelson–Morley experiment and for his work on the atomic weights of hydrogen and oxygen.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Morley House is an architecturally undistinguished story wood-frame structure, with a hip roof and a single chimney rising from the left side. The roof is pierced by hip-roofed dormers. The front of the house is spanned by a single-story porch with a low-pitch hip roof and a gable above the stairs, which rise to the front door. The house was built in 1906 for Edward W. Morley, who made it his home until his death in 1923, and has reportedly been little altered since then.</p><br>
<p>Morley was born in Newark, New Jersey in 1838, educated at home (his father was a Congregationalist minister and his mother a school teacher). He graduated from Williams College in 1860, then studied theology at the Andover Theological Seminary before eventually accepting a position teaching chemistry at Western Reserve College in 1869. His reputation as a leading chemist and physicist was cemented during his tenure there, contributing to the apparatus of the famous Michelson–Morley experiment, which proved that light was not carried by any sort of luminiferous aether. His most significant solo contribution to scientific knowledge was the calculation of the atomic weights of hydrogen and oxygen, and determining the composition of water from these elements. Morley retired in 1905, settling in this house, and continuing to run experiments in a laboratory in the garage until his death in 1923.</p><br>
<p>The Stahl House  is a modernist-styled house designed by architect Pierre Koenig in the Hollywood Hills section of Los Angeles, California, which is known as a frequent set location in American films. Photographic and anecdotal evidence shows that the architect&#39;s client, Buck Stahl, provided the inspiration for the overall cantilevered structure. In 2013 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Stahl purchased the lot on a hill for $13,000 in 1954 and began meeting with architects to design a home for a parcel deemed</p><br>
<p>"unbuildable" by other architects.</p><br>
<p>Koenig&#39;s design was built in 1959 as part of the Case Study Houses program. The house is considered an iconic representation of modern architecture in Los Angeles during the twentieth century. It was made famous by a Julius Shulman photograph showing two women leisurely sitting in a corner of the house with an evening panoramic view of the city through floor-to-ceiling glass walls.</p><br>
<p>In 1999, the house was declared a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument. In 2007, the American Institute of Architects listed the Stahl House (#140) as one of the top 150 structures on its "America&#39;s Favorite Architecture" list, one of only eleven in Southern California, and the only privately owned home on the list.</p><br>
<p>The house was included among the ten best houses in Los Angeles in a Los Angeles Times survey of experts in December 2008.</p><br>
<p>The house has been used in numerous fashion shoots, films, and advertising campaigns. Films include Smog (1962); The First Power (1990); The Marrying Man (1991); Corrina, Corrina (1994); Playing by Heart (1998), where it was used as the home of Jon Stewart’s character; Why Do Fools Fall In Love (1998); Galaxy Quest (1999), as the home of Tim Allen&#39;s character; Nurse Betty (2000); and Where the Truth Lies (2005).</p><br>
<p>Television shows include Adam-12, Emergency!, and Columbo TV Movie - Prescription: Murder (1968), the pilot episode of the TV series Columbo.</p><br>
<p>The house is prominently featured in the music videos for I Don&#39;t Wanna Stop (2003) by ATB, "Missing Cleveland" by Scott Weiland, and also "Release Me" by Wilson Phillips. A look-alike was also included in the 2004 video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas as one of the safehouses players can buy.</p><br>
<p>Marsh Hall, historically known as the Othniel C. Marsh House, is a historic house on Prospect Hill in New Haven, Connecticut. The property, which includes the house and a 6.8 acre grounds now known as Marsh Botanical Garden, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965. It was built in 1878 as the home of Othniel Marsh , a leading 19th-century paleontologist, who occupied it until his death. The house is now owned by Yale University, and the building is occupied by the Yale School of the Environment.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The house is a 3.5-story brownstone structure, built of red sandstone, overlooking an expanse of landscaped greenery. Its architecture is reminiscent of the Jacobean revival, with asymmetrical massing, and a variety of projections, turrets, and decorative elements. It was designed for Marsh by J. Cleaveland Cady, and construction of the exterior of the main house was largely complete in 1878; it took another three years to finish the interior. The house is one of a relatively small number of Cady designs surviving in the city, and was one of the grandest private residences in the city at the time of its construction.</p><br>
<p>Othniel Marsh had an interest in fossils from an early age, and studied geology at Yale. Before and after graduating he went on numerous collecting trips throughout northeastern North America, and was appointed the first professor of paleontology. He engaged in repeated expeditions into the American West, sometimes returning with spectacular finds of dinosaurs and other large vertebrates. His finds of Cretaceous winged dinosaurs, complete with teeth and other non-avian features, provided compelling evidence in the debate over the recently published theory of evolution by natural selection. Marsh, a bachelor, bequeathed his estate to the university.</p><br>
<p>Marsh Hall currently houses offices of the Yale School of the Environment (YSE), and is the home of The Forest School at YSE.</p><br>
<p>The Blood Run Site is an archaeological site on the border of the US states of Iowa and South Dakota. The site was essentially populated for 8,500 years, within which earthworks structures were built by the Oneota Culture and occupied by descendant tribes such as the Ioway, Otoe, Missouri, and shared with Quapaw and later Kansa, Osage, and Omaha  people. The site was so named on account of the iron-stained soil.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Arikara, Dakota, and Cheyenne were regular traders with the village and Nakota/Dakota and Arikara people also regularly resided there in later years. The site overlaps the Iowa and South Dakota border, near Sioux Falls, South Dakota, between Granite, Iowa, and Harrisburg, South Dakota.</p><br>
<p>Although declared a National Historic Landmark in 1970, its integrity is endangered by gravel quarrying and looting. The site was substantially looted and areas wholly destroyed by settlers and looters through the late 1930s and by subsequent generations of collectors. A possible snake mound rivaling the Serpent Mound in Ohio was used for railroad fill.</p><br>
<p>Blood Run was mapped in the early 18th century by French voyageurs trading with the village, which was then populated largely by Omaha people, but other cultures shared the area, about 480 mounds existed and a population of 10,000 Native people was documented in the corresponding census. In the late 19th century, 176 mounds were still visible. Today 78 mounds still exist, mostly burial. In 1987, the State of Iowa acquired a prominent portion of the site for a state park. The State of South Dakota Game, Fish, and Parks Commission, upon offer of land sale by owners Buzz and Lois Nelson and the sole civilian testimony by SD author of Blood Run (book) (a volume supported by a SD Arts Council Grant) and Sioux Falls Public Schools and Office of Indian Education teacher, Allison Hedge Coke, the Commission voted to acquire the area as state park land in January 2003. Doug Hofer was a supportive presence at the hearing.</p><br>
<p>In December 2011, South Dakota Governor Dennis Daugaard announced that an agreement was reached on the purchase option for 324 acres in the Blood Run Historical Landmark area on the Lincoln County, S.D., side of the Big Sioux River. "South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks, the Parks and Wildlife Foundation and The Conservation Fund to acquire the property for $3.5 million before the end of the year, according to the governor’s office." "The Conservation Fund will purchase and hold the majority of the Nelson property until funds are available and then transfer it to the state of South Dakota."</p><br>
<p>The Dubuque County Jail is a historic building at 36 East 8th Street in Dubuque, Iowa, United States. Completed in 1858, the jail is an example of the uncommon Egyptian Revival style. It is architecturally a highly original work of John F. Rague, who also designed the 1837 Old Capitol of Illinois and the 1840 Territorial Capitol of Iowa. The building was designated a National Historic Landmark for its architecture in 1987. It served as a jail for more than a century, became a museum in 1975, and was converted into county offices in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first Dubuque County, Iowa jail was a stone building nicknamed the "calaboose" built in 1836. It was succeeded by a log building at the corner of 8th and Clay Streets that was intended to be built as a county courthouse. By 1855, it was apparent that a larger structure was needed. On April 1, 1856, citizens of the county voted to approve the construction of the current structure for $40,000. On April 17, the construction contract was awarded to David Armstrong. Rague & Drake designed the structure.</p><br>
<p>The new county jail was built with blue limestone from Dunleith, Illinois. Completed in 1858, the jail had thirty-two cells and a Sheriff&#39;s residence. On June 1, 1874, a six-cell addition was approved for the eastern portion of the building to house female prisoners. It was completed that December for $5,600.</p><br>
<p>On June 27, 1972, the building was recognized by the National Park Service with a listing on the National Register of Historic Places. In 1975, the Dubuque Art Association rented the building as a museum. In 1983, the Dubuque County Supervisors extended the lease for twenty more years; this marked the first time that the association had a long-term home. When the lease expired in 2003, the association moved into a bank building by Washington Park. The Dubuque County Historical Society took over operations, turning the gallery into the Old Jail Museum.</p><br>
<p>The county felt the space was underutilized, and converted it to office space in 2016 for the county medical examiner, I.T. department and veteran&#39;s affairs office. the renovation cost $800,000 and maintained and restored much of the original character of the building.</p><br>
<p>The Grenville M. Dodge House is a historic house museum in Council Bluffs, Iowa, United States. This Second Empire mansion, built in 1869, was the home of Grenville M. Dodge , a Union Army general, politician, and a major figure in the development of the railroads across the American West. The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961 for its association with Dodge; in 2005 it was included as a contributing property in the Willow-Bluff-3rd Street Historic District. It is now owned by the city of Council Bluffs and is open for tours.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Dodge House is located southeast of downtown Council Bluffs, on the east side of 3rd Street, between 5th and Fairview Avenues. It is a large and rambling three-story brick building, designed by W.W. Boyington of Chicago and built in 1869 at a cost of $35,000. It has a mansard roof with a modillioned eave, pierced by dormers with eared and rounded tops. Most windows are tall and narrow, with segmented-arch tops, some of which have decorative stone hoods. The interior features elaborate interior black walnut woodwork, and original fixtures including bronze hinges with silver butts. The house is decorated with items from the Dodge family. The property also includes an 1871 carriage barn, which houses a caretaker&#39;s residence.</p><br>
<p>Grenville Dodge was involved in railroad construction from an early age, and he distinguished himself with his engineering skills, which were notably applied during the American Civil War in the replacement of destroyed bridges. After the war he became chief engineer of the Union Pacific Railroad, leading the effort that successfully completed the first transcontinental railroad in 1869. In addition to his engineering, Dodge served in managerial and leadership capacities with the railroads, and was politically active, serving in the United States Congress.</p><br>
<p>Dodges house remained in the family until 1950, when it was converted into apartments. The city purchased it in 1963 for conversion to a museum, reversing most of the alterations made, restoring the home to the period of Dodges occupancy. Both the Dodge House and the Beresheim House next door are operated together as a house museum.</p><br>
<p>The James and Jean Douglas House  is a residence located at 3490 South Lake Shore Drive on the shore of Lake Michigan in Friendship Township near Harbor Springs, Michigan.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1965, renowned architect Richard Meier was commissioned to design the Frederick J. Smith House in Darien, Connecticut. The house was completed in 1967 and featured on the cover of a magazine, where it was seen by James and Jean Douglas of Grand Rapids, Michigan. The Douglases contacted Meier and asked him to create a similar design in northern Michigan. Planning for the house began in 1971; the original location chosen was within an upscale gated community. However, the white color of Meier&#39;s design was rejected by the community. Rather than compromise on the color, the Douglases found another lot, nearly unbuildable due to its steep slope.</p><br>
<p>With a new location chosen construction began and was completed in 1973 after a three-year construction period. When Meier furnished the house for his clients, Jim and Jean Douglas, he designed some of the furniture himself and also used designs by Le Corbusier and Mies van der Rohe.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, the American Institute of Architects listed the Douglas House as one of the top 150 structures on its "America&#39;s Favorite Architecture" list.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, the Douglas House was added to the National Register of Historic Places. The house has remained intact, with no additions or modifications to the physical structure, and no changes to room uses or layouts.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Douglas House is located on a very steep slope overlooking the lake. It is a four-story, bright white, Modern structure with a flat roof clad with redwood. The overall form of the house is a large rectangle set on end. The rear wall of the house, which faces the lake, makes extensive use of glass to provide maximum views. The house is built of redwood (vertical Tongue and Groove boards) and is almost completely white. The foundation consists of a series of pilings hammered into the earth.</p><br>
<p>The entrance on the upland side of the house is on the top floor, via a bridge. Stairways were located in the corners of the structure so that they would not block views or sunlight. The fourth floor serves as the home&#39;s entry from the bridge, and contains a large exterior deck space; another smaller deck space is above the fourth floor. Below, the third floor contains three bedrooms, a full bath and an open, built-in work desk overlooking the second-floor living room. The second floor contains the living room, a wet bar and the master bedroom. The first floor contains the dining room, kitchen, laundry and another bedroom with a full bath. A sub-level beneath the first floor contains HVAC, water/electrical services and storage.</p><br>
<p>The Ped Mall, also known as the Pedestrian Mall, is a pedestrian mall located in downtown Iowa City, Iowa, near the University of Iowa campus. Officially named City Plaza it was completed in 1979 as the centerpiece of the city&#39;s urban renewal project. Landscaping was completed the following year. It was designed by Jack Leaman of Associated Engineers, Inc., in Mason City, Iowa. While pedestrian malls were a common feature of urban renewal projects in the United States, the Iowa City Ped Mall is one of the few that is still in existence.</p><br>
<p>The Canterbury Center Historic District is a historic district in Canterbury, Connecticut. The district is centered on the town green , located at the junction of Route 169  and Route 14 . It has been the town center since 1705, and includes a fine assortment of 18th and early 19th-century architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places  in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The area that is now Canterbury was settled by English colonists around the turn of the 18th century, and was incorporated out of Plainfield in 1703. The town green was established on 3.5 acre of land purchased from Robert Green in 1705, for the purpose of erecting a meeting house, although a meeting house was not constructed until 1711. The present Congregational Church, a Federal Revival building built in the 1960s, stands on its site. The towns first cemetery, located just north of the green, was established about 1720. The town grew as a rural crossroads community, serving the local community and travelers on the two roads that intersect here. It was also the principal center of education in the town, with an early academy founded in the 1790s, and the groundbreaking school for African-American girls founded by Prudence Crandall in 1831. (The Prudence Crandall House, a National Historic Landmark, is now a museum standing in the district. The towns economic importance declined with the advent of the railroad (which bypassed it).</p><br>
<p>The historic district extends from the town green along the main roads. Most of the buildings in the district are residences, typically wood frame structures 1-1/2 or 2-1/2 stories in height. Almost all were built before about 1850, and are of Georgian Colonial, Federal, or Greek Revival style; there is only one house in the district in the later Italianate style. Non-residential buildings include two fraternal halls, a Grange hall and the Finnish Hall, and the library, which is housed a Greek Revival building that originally served as a one-room district schoolhouse. The 20th-century brick town hall, while not detracting from the historic character of the area, does not contribute to its historic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Cheney Brothers Historic District was a center of the silk industry in Manchester, Connecticut, in the late 19th and early 20th century. The 175 acre district includes over 275 mill buildings, workers houses, churches, schools and Cheney family mansions. These structures represent the well-preserved company town of the Cheney Brothers silk manufacturing company, the first America-based silk company to properly raise and process silkworms, and to develop the difficult techniques of spinning and weaving silk. The area was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Cheney Brothers district encompasses a 175 acre area of South Manchester, bounded roughly on the south by Interstate 384 on the west by Fairfield Avenue, on the north by West, High, Laurel, Forest, and Eldridge Streets, and on the east by Chestnut and Spruce Streets. The centerpiece of the district is a collection of sixteen surviving mill buildings, which mostly front on Pine and Elm Streets. These are almost all brick buildings, some of them quite large, most of which were built between about 1880 and 1920. The mansions of the Cheney family are located in a 70 acre area east of the mills; this is a park-like area including 13 primary buildings, the oldest of which is the original 1780s Cheney Homestead, now a historic house museum owned by the Manchester Historical Society. These houses were built from the early 19th century into the early 20th century by various members of the family. There are large clusters of mill worker housing built by the Cheneys to the north and west of the mill complex, with a smaller cluster east of the mansion area. These are typically frame structures one or two stories in height, most of them 19th century in construction. Public architecture built by the Cheneys include a large social venue (Cheney Hall) at 177 Hartford Road, a fire station at 230 Pine Street, a water treatment plant at 49 Cooper Hill Street, and several schools and churches.</p><br>
<p>The Cheney silk processing business began in the 1830s with the cultivation of mulberry trees, which silkworms fed on, and expanded in 1838 into a silk-spinning operation that was located near the family homestead. In 1840 the mulberry market crashed, and many trees were affected by a blight. The Cheneys focused their business efforts on the spinning in the 1840s, and had by the end of that decade mastered the difficult process of weaving silk. In 1847 Frank Cheney developed a machine that significantly sped up the spinning process. By the 1860s the Cheney Brothers were an international leader in the business. In South Manchester, the Cheneys practiced what was termed welfare capitalism, intending to provide a comprehensive living and working environment for their workers. When they needed to improve the water supply for their factories, the facilities were used to provide water to residential areas as well, and the Cheneys electric company also provided power to a much larger area than the factory. Churches were built on land donated by the company, as were schools and other public facilities. The Cheneys silk business began to decline in the 1920s with the advent of synthetic fibers, and was further hurt by the Great Depression. The company sold off its utilities and much of its housing. The Cheneys sold the business in 1954, which continues to operate at a much smaller scale within the factory complex.</p><br>
<p>The district was designated a National Historic Landmark and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The mills had a cultural impact on Manchester. The city seal focuses on silk and a local baseball team was named the Silkworms.</p><br>
<p>The First Church of Christ, Congregational, also known as First Church 1652 is an historic church at 75 Main Street in Farmington, Connecticut. Built in 1771, this Greek Revival church was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1975 for its role in sheltering the Amistad Africans before their return to Africa.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The First Church of Christ in Farmington was founded in 1652. Roger Newton, the first pastor, was the son-in-law of Hartford founder Thomas Hooker, and was succeeded by Hookers son, Samuel. Among First Churchs pastors was Noah Porter, who began Americas first foreign missionary society in the parlor of his home. He was also the father of Sarah Porter, founder of Miss Porters School, and Noah Porter, Jr., president of Yale University.</p><br>
<p>The present church, the third, originally known as the Meeting House, was built in 1771, designed by Judah Woodruff. The slender steeple on top of the bell tower can be seen for miles. The church is cited as an "excellent example of its architectural style and period".</p><br>
<p>The church began the first "Sabbath School" in the 1700s for the local Tunxis Indians, to teach them Christianity. It was a hub of the Underground Railroad, and became involved in the celebrated case of the African slaves who revolted on the Spanish vessel La Amistad. When the Africans who had participated in the revolt were released in 1841, they came to Farmington, and stayed with Austin Williams before their return to Africa. While staying in Farmington, they attended this church. The Amistad case was important for the abolitionist cause and significant in the history of slavery in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The church was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1975. It is included in the Farmington Historic District.</p><br>
<p>First Church is affiliated with the United Church of Christ.</p><br>
<p>The Florence Griswold Museum is an art museum at 96 Lyme Street in Old Lyme, Connecticut centered on the home of Florence Griswold , which was the center of the Old Lyme Art Colony, a main nexus of American Impressionism. The museum is noted for its collection of American Impressionist paintings. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1993. The site encompasses 12-acres of historic buildings, grounds, gardens, and walking trails.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The museum&#39;s Robert and Nancy Krieble Gallery, featuring 9,500 ft&sup2; of exhibit space and sweeping views of the Lieutenant River, designed by Centerbrook Architects, opened in 2002.</p><br>
<p>In 2001, the museum acquired the corporate collection of the Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company, once the world&#39;s largest insurer against equipment breakdown. The collection included 157 oil paintings, 31 works on paper and 2 works of sculpture, all Connecticut-related.</p><br>
<p>Rebekah Beaulieu, Ph.D., became Director of the museum in February 2018, succeeding Jeff Andersen, who led the Museum for 41 years. Beaulieu holds a bachelors degree in American Studies from George Washington University, a Masters in Art History and Museum Studies from University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, a Master&#39;s in Arts Administration from Columbia University, and a Ph.D. in American and New England Studies from Boston University.</p><br>
<p>Joshua Campbell Torrance is the Executive Director.</p><br>
<p>Collection highlights:</p><br>
<p>Milton Avery, East Hartford Meadow, 1922</p><br>
<p>Frederic Church, The Charter Oak at Hartford, 1846</p><br>
<p>Childe Hassam, Summer Evening (A Woman at the Window), 1886</p><br>
<p>David Johnson, View of Greenwich, Connecticut, 1878</p><br>
<p>John F. Kensett, Shore of Darien, Connecticut, 1872</p><br>
<p>Harlan Page (painter), Portrait of a Man, 1815</p><br>
<p>Edward Francis Rook, Laurel, 1905-10</p><br>
<p>Gurdon Trumbull, Black Bass, 1872</p><br>
<p>John Ferguson Weir, East Rock, New Haven, 1901</p><br>
<p>Edwin White, The Fisher Boy, 1840</p><br>
<p>Matilda Browne, Peonies, ca. 1907</p><br>
<p>Bessie Potter Vonnoh, Jessie Wilson, 1912–13</p><br>
<p>Works by Emil Carlsen, Charles Ebert, Bruce Crane and Willard Metcalf.</p><br>
<h2>Florence Griswold House</h2><br>
<p>The Florence Griswold House in Old Lyme, Connecticut was a boardinghouse run by Florence Griswold, where American Impressionist artists lived and painted&mdash;often directly on the walls and doors of the house. The building is now part of the campus of the Florence Griswold Museum.</p><br>
<p>Leading artists of the Old Lyme Art Colony who stayed at the boardinghouse were Henry Ward Ranger, Edward Charles Volkert, Childe Hassam, and Willard Metcalf. USA President Woodrow Wilson and his family dined with "Miss Florence" and the artists in the house.</p><br>
<p>Old Lyme resident Harry Hoffman helped to save Griswold&#39;s house through a fund-raising campaign so that it could be converted into a Museum.</p><br>
<h3>Appearance and Layout</h3><br>
<p>I saw a charming house that appeared like a Roman temple among the trees. Admiringly, I beheld the broad steps surmounted by four huge ionic columns that towered to the roof and formed a magnificent adornment to the mansion&#39;s front, the handsome old doorway of which stood hospitably open. &mdash; Arthur Heming, artist of the Lyme Art Colony</p><br>
<p>The entire first floor has been furnished to reflect its appearance in about 1910, the height of its years as an artists boardinghouse. Visitors enter through a wide center hall, where an "informal gallery" displays paintings on grass cloth walls. The hall also contains Colonial and Empire furniture. Two bedrooms are off the hallway &mdash; Miss Florences bedroom and a guest artist&#39;s bedroom.</p><br>
<p>A parlor on the first floor has artists&#39; brushes on the mantel and the extravagant gold harp Robert Griswold brought back for his daughter from England. In that room the artist-boarders would present various types of entertainment for each other. There is a formal dining room on the first floor, and a large covered porch marks the entrance.</p><br>
<p>The second floor is exhibition space in five galleries with rotating selections from the permanent collection, as well as new acquisitions.</p><br>
<p>Samuel Belcher, architect of the Old Lyme Congregational Church, designed the late Georgian-style house for William Noyes. It was built in 1817.</p><br>
<p>The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1993. In July 2007 the building reopened after a 14-month restoration project.</p><br>
<h3>The Painted Panels</h3><br>
<p>The houses dining room, where artists would gather to debate topics of the day, became a showcase for painted wall and door panels created by the artist-boarders. The artists who painted on the houses doors and walls were probably following a tradition imported from hostelries in the French art colonies at Barbizon, Giverny, and Pont-Aven, where many of them had visited and stayed on their own travels abroad. A total of 41 painted panels are in the downstairs rooms.</p><br>
<p>Artists who contributed painted panels and painted doors on the first floor of the house include Childe Hassam, Willard Metcalf, Henry Rankin Poore, Everett Warner, Allen Butler Talcott, William Chadwick, William Henry Howe, Matilda Browne, Harry Hoffman, Arthur Heming, Chauncey Foster Ryder, Clark Voorhees, Carleton Wiggins, and Bruce Crane, among others. Matilda Browne was the only female artist invited to contribute a panel and was given a place of honor: Miss Florence&#39;s own bedroom door.</p><br>
<h3>Life at the Lyme Art Colony</h3><br>
<p>Miss Florence&#39;s bedroom was her only private space in the house and is furnished today with memories of her life: books, art, gifts, and letters from many of the artists who became her lifelong friends. The entire rest of the first floor and the two upstairs floors of the house were taken up by her artist-boarders (and several resident cats.)</p><br>
<p>Most of the artists traveled by train from New York or Boston along the Connecticut shore to Miss Florence&#39;s. During the day, artists would paint en plein air on the grounds by the Lieutenant River, in the apple orchard, or other nearby bucolic landscapes. Often cattle and other wildlife were brought in as subjects from local farms for the artists to paint from life. In the evenings, after boisterous dinners held in the dining room or on the side porch when indoor air became too stuffy, groups retired to the parlor for music, games, and entertainment. In their invented "Wiggle Game," an artist would draw a small number of lines (or "wiggles") on a piece of paper to be completed by a fellow artist into a finished drawing.</p><br>
<p>Childe Hassam famously called a visit to Old Lyme and Miss Florence&#39;s "an excursion to Bohemia," and "just the place for high-thinking and low-living." The artists enjoyed pageants, parades, visits to nearby beaches, canoeing, swimming, and all manner of countryside pursuits on their visits from nearby cities where most resided. Some so enjoyed life in Old Lyme they later relocated permanently or purchased summer residences in the area.</p><br>
<h2>Gardens and Grounds</h2><br>
<h3>Historic Gardens</h3><br>
<p>The 12-acre site is home to historic gardens tended and maintained by staff and volunteers, populated with historic flowers, herbs, vegetables, and plants. Behind the house there were four distinct gardens: one for herbs and produce such as strawberries, lettuce, peas, corn, and potatoes; one for roses; and two for flowers, which Miss Florence also sold to make ends meet.</p><br>
<p>The Museum is a member of Connecticut&#39;s Historic Gardens, an organization which celebrates the diversity of gardens at distinctive historic homes throughout the state of Connecticut.</p><br>
<h3>Robert F. Schumann Artists&#39; Trail</h3><br>
<p>In July 2019, the Museum opened the Robert F. Schumann Artists Trail, a series of walking paths, landscaping features, and native plantings around the historic site. The four distinct walks (the river, hedgerow, woodland, and garden) encompass 0.5 miles in length and give modern day visitors an understanding of why artists were drawn to paint en plein air on the landscape. Markers designate sites of historic importance, such as the location of Childe Hassams studio in the orchard. Funding from the Robert F. Schumann Foundation supported the project. Stephen Stimson Associates Landscape Architects of Cambridge, MA designed and implemented the Artists&#39; Trail and it received an Honor Award from the American Society of Landscape Architects.</p><br>
<h3>Chadwick Studio</h3><br>
<p>American Impressionist William Chadwick (1879-1962) was an artist of the Lyme Art Colony and Old Lyme resident. From about 1920 until his death in 1962, the structure now on Museum Campus served as his artist&#39;s studio. This building is open for visitors the first Saturday in April through December.</p><br>
<p>Fort Shantok, in Montville, Connecticut, United States, was the site of the principal Mohegan settlement between 1636 and 1682 and the sacred ground of Uncas, one of the most prominent and influential Mohegan leaders and statesmen of his era. The tribe now operates the area, part of its reservation, as a local park. The grounds were declared a National Historic Landmark  in 1993.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The fort was purchased by the State Park and Forest commission in 1930 and added to the Fort Shantok State Park, increasing the park to 160 acres. The area was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1993. In 1994, through a land claims settlement act, the Mohegans paid $3 million for return of the land.</p><br>
<p>The district is located within the Mohegan Indian Reservation just west of the Thames River and south of the Mohegan Sun casino off Route 2A. The fort was used as a burial ground and contains over one hundred identified graves.</p><br>
<p>The Mohegans decided not to build on the land or further develop it in order to preserve the land&#39;s history. The Archaeological Consulting Services offered to preserve eight acres of the two tribal sites, but the tribe decided to preserve all the property instead.</p><br>
<p>Fort Shantok represents a location of distinction to the Mohegan people, because it is the first site where they settled with Sachem Uncas in the 17th century. In addition, Fort Shantok was used as a stronghold by the Mohegan leader Uncas when fending off an attack from the Narragansetts during 1645. Although the fort was sturdy and well-defended, the attack continued until an English force led by Lt. Thomas Leffingwell provided reprovisions. At this point, the Narragansetts abandoned the siege and returned home.</p><br>
<p>There is a memorial in the shape of a wigwam known as the Leffingwell Memorial in the fort, the inscription stating, "Here stood the fort of Uncas Sachem of the Mohegans and friend of the English; here in 1645 when by the Narragansetts he was relieved by the bravery of Lt. T. I. Leffingwell."</p><br>
<p>It is one of the few places where Native American ceramics have been preserved in southern New England in any state, due to the area&#39;s highly acidic soil, climate, and colonial construction. These ceramics have been used in an attempt by archeologists to determine migration patterns in local New England tribes, such as the Pequots.</p><br>
<p>The Frederic Remington House is a historic house at 36 Oak Knoll Road in Ridgefield, Connecticut. A National Historic Landmark, it was the home of the painter and sculptor Frederic Remington  in the last few months of his life. Remington and his wife Eva designed the two-story gambrel-roofed, fieldstone-and-shingle house. The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Frederic Remington (1861-1909) lived for many years in New Rochelle, New York, working as an illustrator, sculptor, and writer. He produced iconic works of American art, particularly noted for their themes of the American West. His corpus of work includes more than 2,700 artworks, many of which were published in magazines and newspapers, and 142 books, including eight he wrote. In early 1909 he and his wife purchased 45 acre of land in Ridgefield, Connecticut, and oversaw the construction of a home and studio. During the construction, Remington continued to work, creating a number of significant works. Although he had major plans for life in Ridgefield, he died of acute appendicitis a few months after the house was completed.</p><br>
<p>The main house is a -story gambrel-roofed wood-frame structure with a stone facade, and clapboarded sides and back. The front has three large shed-roof dormers, and has bands of three sash windows flanking its main entrance, which is sheltered by a columned portico. The house has a central hall plan, with Remingtons studio in the rear left of the structure. It is a high-ceilinged room with large windows onto the backyard, and has a large fieldstone chimney. During Remingtons life the room was cluttered with artifacts of the American West.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the main house, the property includes a cluster of outbuildings, which were also designed and built by the Remingtons. They include a cow barn, chicken coop, and shed, as well as a caretaker&#39;s cottage and a carriage house that has been adapted for residential use.</p><br>
<p>The Henry Whitfield House is a historic house located in Guilford, Connecticut, down the street from the town green. This house dates from 1639, having been built just before the town of Guilford was settled. It is the oldest house in Connecticut and the oldest stone house in New England. It also served as a fort to protect the community with its massive stone walls. Henry Whitfield was a Puritan minister who had come from England to flee religious persecution, and the settlers built the house for him.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The first settlers of the Guilford colony began construction of their minister&#39;s home in September 1639, shortly after their arrival in the area. However, they had begun construction too late in the year, and winter weather prevented them from finishing anything more than half of the great hall and the north fireplace. By the summer of 1640, the settlers had completed the rest of the hall, the second floor, and the attic, and Whitfield and his family moved in.</p><br>
<p>Accounts of the construction state that the local Menunkatuck Indians aided the settlers in the construction of the house by transporting stone from nearby quarries to the building site on hand barrows. The walls of the house were made nearly two feet thick because there was so much stone available for construction. The original mortar used to cement the stones was composed of yellow clay and crushed oyster shell, a technique developed by the lack of more conventional building materials. Inside the great hall, the "joists and rafters were hand-hewn oaken timbers; the inside partitions were formed by wide planks of pine or white wood joined with feathered edges."</p><br>
<h2>Purposes</h2><br>
<p>The Whitfield House served primarily as the home for Henry Whitfield, Dorothy Shaeffe Whitfield, and their nine children. The house also served as a place of worship before the first church was built in Guilford, as a meetinghouse for colonial town meetings, as a protective fort for the settlers in case of attack, and as a shelter for travelers between the New Haven and Saybrook colonies.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Atwater1881 p371 Whitfield&#39;s House as seen from the South.jpgSeen from the South</p><br>
<p>Atwater1881 p371 Whitfield&#39;s House as seen from the West.jpgSeen from the West</p><br>
<p>Atwater1881 p373 First and Second Floors of Whitfield&#39;s House.jpgFloor plans</p><br>
<p>Atwater1881 p373 Attic Floor of Whitfield&#39;s House.jpgAttic floor</p><br>
<p>HENRY WHITFIELD HOUSE INTERIOR, GUILDFORD, CT.jpgInterior view</p><br>
<p>The architectural style of the Henry Whitfield house is unique for its time period and location. It is styled in the tradition of the estates of northern England and Scotland, rather than the lower English and London style found in the rest of New England. The settlers built large rooms, ignoring the fact that smaller rooms would be easier to heat. They also ignored the abundance of wood available to them to construct a home that was easily heated yet still sturdy.</p><br>
<p>The original floor plan of the house included a kitchen and great hall (which could be divided by partitions into two separate rooms) on the first floor, a stair tower leading to the second floor, three bedroom chambers on the second floor, and a small attic above the chambers. The great hall was probably the most used room in the house. It is 33 feet long and 15 feet wide and was built in a perpendicular ell to the rest of the house. This was the room used for church services, town meetings, feasts, and housing travelers. The Whitfield family slept on the second floor, with the room directly above the kitchen used for the younger children because it was kept the warmest in the winter by the rising heat from the kitchen fireplace. The original roof had a sixty degree pitch, though it has been steepened during the house&#39;s various restorations. It was constructed with six fireplaces, the largest of which is ten feet four inches across and is positioned on the north end of the great hall. This fireplace remains mostly unchanged today, other than the addition of an oak mantel and some masonry. The smaller five have been remodeled several times since their construction.</p><br>
<h2>Henry Whitfield</h2><br>
<p>Henry Whitfield was one of Guilfords founders and its first minister. He was born sometime between June 8 and October 1, 1592 in Greenwich in the English county of Kent. His father Thomas Whitfield was wealthy and influential during the reigns of James I and Queen Elizabeth, and he was an eminent lawyer in the courts of Westminster in London. Henrys mother Mildred Manning was descended from the family of Geoffrey Chaucer.</p><br>
<p>Henry Whitfield attended New College, Oxford, where he befriended George Fenwick; Fenwick became one of the founders of Saybrook Colony near New Haven Colony. Whitfield initially studied law after graduation, but he found it undesirable and promptly changed his focus to ministry studies. He was ordained a minister of the Church of England in 1618 and soon took up the post of vicar of St. Margaret&#39;s Church in Ockley, Surrey, where he remained for the next 18 years. Contemporaries noted that people throughout the surrounding countryside converged to hear his sermons. He was known for being dignified, courteous, scholarly, eloquent, and gentle.</p><br>
<p>Whitfield married Dorothy Sheafe who was the daughter of Dr. Edmund Sheafe from the county of Kent. Henry and Dorothy had nine children together. It is believed that three of the children died before reaching adulthood. Under the rule of King Charles I, the Church of England persecuted Separatists and Puritans who opposed the liturgy and ecclesiastical structure of the English church. Whitfield&#39;s sympathies shifted to the Puritan movement following persecutions ordered by Archbishop William Laud. Laud established a network to spy on and break up nonconforming religious groups.</p><br>
<p>In 1633, Whitfield hosted a meeting in his home in Ockley to persuade John Cotton and Thomas Hooker to conform to Laud&#39;s dictates so that they could keep their positions in the church. Ultimately, Whitfield did not conform to the dictates and religious ceremonies required by Laud, and he published a book of religious persuasion and instruction entitled “Helps to Stir Up Christian Duties.” He was censured as a dissident by the High Commission Court in 1638, so he resigned from his post in Ockley.</p><br>
<p>In early 1639, Whitfield sold his estate and established plans to emigrate to America with his family and followers. He was an itinerant preacher, so he met many younger nonconformists who agreed with his teachings. He recruited 25 families, mostly farmers from Surrey and Kent, to travel to the New Haven colony. Also among the party was Edward Jones, an indentured builder who agreed to help the newcomers construct houses for three years in exchange for passage. Dorothy Whitfield&#39;s brother Jacob Sheafe and two of her sisters emigrated with them.</p><br>
<p>Upon arrival in June 1639, Whitfield consulted Fenwick and, founder of the New Haven Colony, and purchased land from the Quinnipiac tribe halfway between the New Haven and Saybrook colonies. Quinnipiac land stretched from New Haven on the west to Madison on the east and north to Meriden. Each party in the land transaction was ignorant of each other&#39;s culture.</p><br>
<p>Whitfield and his followers started establishing the Guilford colony in September. They began constructing his house, although it was not finished until the following spring due to winter weather conditions. In the early years of the Guilford colony, Whitfield served as both the minister and community leader, delivering sermons, conducting marriage ceremonies, and settling civil disputes. In 1641, the colony of New Haven expanded to include Guilford as well as several other settlements under the New Haven General Court&#39;s jurisdiction. New Haven was officially recognized as a colony by the English Parliament under Oliver Cromwell. Beginning in 1642, several leaders of the New Haven Colony returned to England to join in the political struggles over religious freedom.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1640s, Whitfield was reconsidering whether to remain in the New World. Seven founding members of Guilford had died between 1646 and 1648, most of them young men. Political conditions in England had changed. Archbishop Laud represented King Charles Is unyielding religious policies, but he was arrested on charges of treason in 1641 and executed on January 10, 1645. By 1650, England had become more tolerant of religious differences and more attractive to New Englanders who were wearying of life in the wilderness. Many prominent citizens and clergymen were returning to England. Whitfield received invitations to return and he told his parish that he intended to leave. A public meeting was held in Guilford on February 20, 1649. Whitfields reasons for wishing to leave were read in public. The assembly approved of inducements to encourage him to remain, including increasing his salary and exempting his two sons from guard duty (night watches to protect the town) for one year. In the end, Whitfield decided to return in spite of his flock&#39;s objections.</p><br>
<p>George Hubbard observed that Whitfield was not suited to life in the wilderness. His fragile body could not handle the harsh winters and physical labor, and these factors affected his health. Hubbard noted that Whitfield lost money on the Guilford venture, and colleagues in England were urging him to return. Whitfield left the colony and his followers on August 26, 1650. His son John accompanied him.</p><br>
<p>Dorothy and the majority of their children remained in Guilford. She continued to live in their stone house in Guilford and looked after their property. Three daughters were married in New England. Three children ultimately returned to England. Whitfield was reinstated in the Church. He died in 1657 and was buried in Winchester Cathedral on September 17. The entirety of his estate was left to Dorothy who returned to England in 1659. She died in 1669.</p><br>
<h2>Owners and residents</h2><br>
<p>The first residents of the house were Henry Whitfield, his wife, and their children, for whom the house was originally built. Throughout their occupancy, they extended their welcome to travelers, church-goers, and the rest of the citizens in the community. Griffing, a patriot from Long Island, was a descendant of the early Guilford leader, William Chittenden. The Griffing and Chittenden families owned the house for over a century, and during their ownership the remodeling of 1868 occurred. Not until September 28, 1900, did the Whitfield House become the property of the State of Connecticut, when Sarah Brown Cone sold the house and property for $8,500. The purchase was financed by "$3,500 from the State of Connecticut, $3,000 from the town of Guilford, between $500 and $1,000 from residents of Guilford, and as much from the members of the Connecticut Society of the Colonial Dames of America." It was transformed into a museum after several renovations and as of 2021 is operated by the Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development.</p><br>
<h2>Renovations</h2><br>
<p>The first unofficial renovation and remodeling of the Henry Whitfield House occurred in 1868, under the ownership of the Mary Chittenden. Mrs. Chittenden devoted a great deal of her inheritance from her late husband, Henry Ward Chittenden, to the remodeling and repair of the house. This initial renovation was directed by her son-in-law, Henry D. Cone. By the year 1868, the house&#39;s roof was beginning to cave-in and a great deal of the southern wall had collapsed. Several repairs were necessary in order to make the house habitable. During this time much of the south wall was rebuilt, the south chimney was removed, the roof was rebuilt, and much of the interior walls were re-plastered. However, the house was not completely changed from its original state. Historical accounts from the Library of Congress state, "as much as half of the ancient wall was not disturbed, the larger part of that being north of the door." In addition, the original foundation of the house remained unaltered.</p><br>
<p>The second major renovation of the house occurred in 1902, shortly after the museum was opened, led by architectural historian Norman Isham. Ishams main purpose in the restoration was to make the house and museum attractive to visitors and suitable for tours. His renovation included a re-plastering and mortaring of the walls and ceilings, as well as the remodeling of the five smaller fireplaces of the house. Ishams restoration plan was based on what he stated to be, "tradition, inherent reasonableness, and likeness to old English examples." His approach led to the criticism of many architectural experts, including the next renovator, J. Frederick Kelly, who believed Isham was more concerned with the aesthetics than the historical accuracy of the house.</p><br>
<p>Though minor restorations continue today, the most extensive renovation occurred during the 1930s, directed by J. Frederick Kelly. The purpose of this renovation was to conduct archeological and architectural analyses and restore the house to its condition in 1639. Prior to this extensive renovation, Kelly had experience with the house through his conversion of one of the barns on the property to a caretakers house in 1923. Kellys restoration began with the reconstruction of the kitchen in 1930 and the rebuilding of the ell (the wing built perpendicular to the main house) in 1932. The external changes of the house included a steepening of the pitch of the roof, the construction of a chimney at the houses southern end, elimination of the stucco, and the creation of seventeenth century windows with diamond-shaped glass panels held together by lead bars. Interior restorations included the re-creation of a corner window facing the harbor, the restoration of the stair tower to the second floor, the rebuilding of the second floor (which had been essentially removed sometime during the 1700s), and the reconstruction of the partitions that had been used to separate the great hall into several rooms. The final cost of Kellys restoration was $26,000, financed by the Federal government and individual patrons of the Colonial Dames of America, and it was completed on October 20, 1937.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Henry Whitfield House was formally opened as a museum in 1899, after the first official remodeling was completed, making it Connecticut&#39;s first state museum. The museum gained national recognition when it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1997.</p><br>
<p>The Ida Tarbell House is a historic house at 320 Valley Road in Easton, Connecticut. A simple farmhouse dubbed "Twin Oaks", it was the home of muckraking journalist Ida Tarbell  from 1906 until her death. She purchased the property with proceeds from her two-volume book on the Standard Oil Company.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Tarbell House is a vernacular two-story, wood-frame structure, with a side gable roof, clapboard siding, and stone foundation. It is three asymmetrical bays wide, with a central brick chimney. The entrance is in the rightmost bay, with sidelight and transom windows and a shed-roofed portico supported by Doric columns and pilasters. The main block has been extended by a number of additions, most of which predate Ida Tarbells ownership of the property. Only one addition, a sunroom, was made after her death. The property includes several outbuildings, including two barns and a caretakers cottage, which were already extant during Tarbell&#39;s ownership.</p><br>
<p>Ida Tarbell was born in Erie County, Pennsylvania, to middle-class parents, whose livelihood was at one point threatened by the actions of the Standard Oil trust. Their involvement in the womens rights movement convinced Tarbell to gain an education, and to avoid marriage. She rose to prominence as a writer for McClures magazine, producing thoroughly researched articles on a variety of topics. Her major success was a multi-part series on Standard Oil, which was later published in book form as The History of the Standard Oil Company in 1904. Her techniques, which involved poring over large numbers of documents and interviewing many people, were the first significant use of techniques of what is now called investigative journalism. Her exposés, and those of other socially motivated journalists such as Upton Sinclair, led to them being called "muckrakers" by President Theodore Roosevelt.</p><br>
<p>Tarbell purchased the property she called "Twin Oaks" in 1906, paying for it from the royalty income of the Standard Oil book. She used it as a retreat from the city, and did much writing there, producing a number of significant works. She made it her retirement home in 1924, and died in nearby Bridgeport in 1944.</p><br>
<p>Litchfield Historic District, in Litchfield, Connecticut, is a National Historic Landmark District designated in 1968 as a notable and well-preserved example of a typical late 18th century New England village. As a National Historic Landmark, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . It is the core area of a larger NRHP-listed historic district that includes the entire borough of Litchfield and was designated a state historic district in 1959.</p><br>
<p>This residential district is anchored by the Litchfield meetinghouse (1829) and is predominantly Georgian with clapboarding, gables and hipped roofs.</p><br>
<h2>Litchfield Town Green</h2><br>
<p>At the center of the district is the Litchfield Town Green in the area of the intersection between USA Route 202 and Route 63, the main through routes of the town of Litchfield. The village green was originally established in 1720 and was primarily used as a common pasture ground, in addition to being the site of the first town meetinghouse, which was constructed in 1723. In the following years, other buildings were built on the green, including the first schoolhouse in the area in 1732, and the county courthouse in 1751, when Litchfield became the county seat of newly constituted Litchfield County. The use of the green as pasture ceased after the Revolutionary War and became used as a military parade ground. Its transformation into a park began in 1836, when it was officially designated by the town as such. The green was used as the center for recruitment during the Civil War and was also the place returning soldiers were welcomed. In the 20th century, various trees and shrubs were planted, and benches added as well. Several war monuments as well as a memorial fountain were also constructed.</p><br>
<h2>South Street</h2><br>
<p>Along South Street are many houses. On South Street is the Tapping Reeve House and Law School, also known as Litchfield Law School, a one-room schoolhouse that was the first law school in the United States and where Aaron Burr, John C. Calhoun and others studied.</p><br>
<h2>North Street</h2><br>
<p>Sheldon Tavern, on North Street, is one of the contributing properties. It was previously the home of Revolutionary War colonel Elisha Sheldon, for whom Sheldon was named.</p><br>
<h2>East Street</h2><br>
<p>The district includes historic houses on East Street descending a hill away from the church and downtown area.</p><br>
<p>The Henry Barnard House is a historic house and National Historic Landmark at 118 Main Street in Hartford, Connecticut, United States. It was the lifelong home of educator Henry Barnard , an education reformer who was instrumental  in the development of the American public school system. Barnard established the statewide education systems of both Connecticut and Rhode Island, which served as models for the development of such infrastructure in other states. The house is now owned by a religious charity, which operates a homeless shelter on the premises.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Barnard House is a three-story brick structure, five bays wide and three deep, with a side gable roof. The entrance is centered on the front facade, and is sheltered by a portico supported by paired fluted Ionic columns. The entrance is flanked by sidelight windows and pilasters, and topped by a semi-circular four leaf transom window and an entablature. The only other significant exterior styling is the modillioned cornice below the roof line. The interior of the house has been somewhat altered due to its later institutional use, but has retained a basic center hall plan with parlors on either side. The most significant alteration has been the addition of two large sections to the back of the house, which nearly triple its size. These are used to provide shelter space for the local homeless population.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1807, and it was four years later that Henry Barnard was born here. At the time it was located in a fashionable neighborhood of the city, and originally included more land than it presently does. The house remained in the Barnard family until his death in 1900, when it was acquired by the Sisters of Mercy, who operate services for the homeless. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965.</p><br>
<p>Henry Barnard was educated at Yale College, trained as a lawyer, and entered politics, winning election to the Connecticut state legislature in 1837. Barnard had studied education systems in Europe during travels there, and promoted legislation for statewide supervision of public education. He was thereafter appointed the states first secretary of education. Forced out of that post by political opponents, he was given a similar post in neighboring Rhode Island, where he promoted legislation creating the nations first normal school (teacher&#39;s college), passed in 1845. He then returned to Connecticut, where he became superintendent of schools, and oversaw establishment of its normal school. He later served in education-related posts in Wisconsin, Maryland, and was the first United States Commissioner of Education, appointed in 1867. He died in this house in 1900.</p><br>
<p>The Jonathan Sturges House is a historic house at 449 Mill Plain Road in Fairfield, Connecticut. Built in 1840 to a design by Joseph Collins Wells, it is one of the oldest-known and best-documented examples of architect-designed Gothic Revival architecture. It was designed and built for Jonathan Sturges , a New York City businessman and patron of the arts, in whose family the property remains.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Sturges House is a rambling wood-frame structure, with more than 30 rooms and 11 staircases. It was built in four stages between 1840 and 1895, and has seen relatively little alteration since then. The exterior is almost entirely clad in board-and batten siding, except for some gable ends which are clapboarded. The gables are typically steeply pitched, and are all decorated with bargeboard, pendants and finials. The single-story porch consists of segmented-arch sections decorated with latticework trim. The house&#39;s chimneys are topped by decorative pots or brickwork. The general massing of the structure is asymmetrical, at least partly a consequence of the three major additions made to the house, giving it a late Victorian structure with Gothic Revival trim.</p><br>
<p>The main block of the house, built in 1840, is the first known commission of the British-born architect Joseph C. Wells, whose best-known commissions are the later First Presbyterian Church in Manhattan, and the Roseland Cottage in Woodstock, Connecticut (the latter is also a National Historic Landmark Gothic Revival summer house). It is one of the earliest known examples of architect-designed Gothic Revival architecture, a style more often taken by local builders from pattern books published by the styles proponents. Additions and alterations in 1846, 1883, and 1895 were probably also designed by architects, but plans have not been found. The Wells commission is extremely well-documented by the Sturges family, and includes original color drawings. Notable innovations in the houses design include a combined water closet and bathing room, a development that did not see wider acceptance until the 1850s.</p><br>
<p>Jonathan Sturges (1802–74) was a wealthy New York City businessman, and the grandson of Jonathan Sturges, who represented Fairfield in the Continental Congress during the American Revolutionary War. Sturges made his fortune as a wholesale grocer, and was a significant influence in the development of the art community in New York, commissioning artwork from American artists, and promoting the establishment of exhibition galleries modeled on the National Gallery of London.</p><br>
<p>The John Rogers Studio and Museum is the preserved studio of sculptor John Rogers, a popular American artist called "the peoples sculptor" in the latter 19th century. It is located at 13 Oenoke Ridge in New Canaan, Connecticut, on the grounds of the New Canaan Historical Society, which opens it to the public. The studio houses a collection of "Rogers Groups"&mdash;plaster statuettes often depicting two or more people. The display area has been reconfigured to reflect the feeling of the artists studio.</p><br>
<p>Rogers Groups often depicted people interacting with each other in a sentimental scene. According to the National Historic Landmarks Program of the National Park Service, the museum&#39;s collection is "one of the finest collections of Rogers groups in the nation".</p><br>
<p>The studio is a Gothic-Victorian gable-roofed building built in 1878. John Rogers&#39;s popularity stemmed from the way his statuary groups created scenes of everyday life with a sentimental feel that has been compared to the much later Norman Rockwell. Instead of working in bronze and marble, he sculpted in more affordable plaster, painted the color of putty to hide dust.</p><br>
<p>Rogers was prolific as well as popular. During his 33-year career he produced almost 80,000 plaster copies of his 86 "Rogers Groups." His statuettes decorated Victorian parlors throughout the United States.</p><br>
<p>Sculpture on display includes "The Traveling Magician", showing a magician pulling a rabbit out of a hat for two children, and "The Neighboring Pews", depicting a moment among people in church. "Union Refugees" depicts a scene from the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>The studio was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965. In 2003, a $95,000 matching grant under the Save America&#39;s Treasures program included financing for a climate-control and air-filtration system to ensure long-term preservation of both the building and the collection.</p><br>
<p>The John Trumbull Birthplace, also known as the Governor Jonathan Trumbull House, is a historic house museum on the Lebanon Green in Lebanon, Connecticut, built in 1735 by Joseph Trumbull as a wedding present for his son Jonathan . The house was a center of political and military strategy during the American Revolutionary War, when Jonathan Trumbull was Governor of Connecticut. It was also the birthplace of John Trumbull , an artist known for his depictions of the war and its people. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The house is a -story wood-frame structure, five bays wide, with a side-gable roof, wooden clapboard siding, and a large central chimney. Its centered entrance is flanked by fluted pilasters and topped by a transom window and an entablature. Two ells extend back from the house, joining it to another small cottage used as a caretaker&#39;s residence. The first floor of the interior is divided into a parlor, dining room, and bedroom, with a kitchen and pantry in the ell. The second floor has bedrooms and a secret "bolthole" chamber which Governor Trumbull used as an office. The house includes a selection of Trumbull possessions, as well as other period items.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Joseph Trumbull built the house in 1735 when his son Jonathan married Faith Robinson. Jonathan Trumbull was elected governor of the Connecticut Colony in 1769 and became the first governor of the State of Connecticut in 1776. He was also a successful merchant, managing his affairs from this house. Many meetings took place in his home during the years of the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), as well as in the adjacent War Office. The War Office was originally connected to the house by a secret passage, and it functioned as a major logistical center for the northern states.</p><br>
<p>A troop of French Army cavalry was stationed on the Lebanon Green during the winter of 1780–1781, and these troops joined those of the Comte de Rochambeau when he marched through in 1781 on their way to join George Washington and the Continental Army prior to the Siege of Yorktown.</p><br>
<p>John Trumbull was born in the house June 6, 1756. He served as an aide to George Washington in the war and became an artist. He was commissioned by Congress in the 19th century to paint four of the eight historical paintings that adorn the United States Capitol rotunda. He also painted portraits of many of the war&#39;s military leaders.</p><br>
<p>In 1830, the house was moved several hundred feet to its present location. The Connecticut chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution purchased the property in 1934 and have operated it since then as a historic house museum. The property is open to the public on weekends from May through October.</p><br>
<p>The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.</p><br>
<p>The Joseph Webb House is a historic Georgian-style house at 211 Main Street in Wethersfield, Connecticut. It was designated a National Historic Landmark for its significance as the location of the five-day military conference between George Washington and French commander Rochambeau in 1781 during the American Revolutionary War that preceded the Siege of Yorktown, the last major battle of the war. Washington lodged at the house of Joseph Webb on May 17, 1781 in Old Wethersfield. The Joseph Webb House is owned by the Webb-Deane-Stevens Museum and serves as its headquarters. The interior has been restored to an 18th-century appearance and the grounds feature a Colonial Revival garden and 19th-century barn in back.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1752 for Joseph Webb and remained in the family until around 1820, when it was sold to Martin Welles. It remained in the Welles family until 1913, when it was purchased by a group of businessmen who intended to use it as an athenaeum or a library, but a lack of funds led to its sale to Wallace Nutting. The house opened in 1916 as a part of Nuttings "Chain of Colonial Picture Houses". Nutting sold the house to the National Society of the Colonial Dames of America in 1919, who continue to operate it as a historic house museum. Nuttings murals and interpretive Colonial Revival elements were integrated with an exhibit showing his influence in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Judah Wright framed the house in 1752 for Joseph Webb. The -story house was designed with a large gambrel roof that provides extra storage space. The executor of the estate was Silas Deane, who assisted Mrs. Webb financially and emotionally. Deane later married her and built a house next door. Joseph Webb Jr. was 12 at the time of his father&#39;s death, and he inherited the house.</p><br>
<p>Joseph Webb Jr. was also a successful merchant. He married Abigail Chester in 1774, and the couple remained in the house; they became well-known hosts and their house was nicknamed "Hospitality Hall". The houses fame stems from George Washingtons five night stay there, where he planned the Siege of Yorktown with French general Comte de Rochambeau. Smithsonian magazine writer Howard Hugh suggests that the red wool flock wallpaper in the bedchamber where Washington slept was hung in anticipation of the general&#39;s arrival.</p><br>
<p>Webb sold the house in 1790 and it passed through different owners until it was purchased by Judge Martin Welles around 1820. Welles modernized the southern half of the property. The house remained in the Welles family until the death of Welles&#39; grandson in 1913. It was purchased by a group of businessmen who sought to operate it as an athenaeum or a library, but a lack of funds resulted in its sale to Wallace Nutting in 1916.</p><br>
<h2>Wallace Nutting</h2><br>
<p>Antiquarian Wallace Nutting bought the Joseph Webb House on February 9, 1916 to serve as a sales area and studio. Nutting commissioned painted murals for the front parlors and hallway.</p><br>
<p>On July 4, 1916, the Webb house was opened to the public with a 25 cent admission charge, but the American entry into World War I and the rationing of gasoline took its toll on Nutting&#39;s business.</p><br>
<h2>Colonial Dames</h2><br>
<p>The National Society of the Colonial Dames of America and a team of preservationists restored the house to the state it was in before Nutting&#39;s changes with the intention of restoring the appearance of the original construction.</p><br>
<p>The murals commissioned by Nutting were covered up with reproduction wallpapers, but a panel of the wall paper was torn off and the hallway murals were painted over. In 1996, the Dames acknowledged Wallace Nuttings interpretive focus of the Webb House and removed the wallpaper in the "Yorktown" parlor. An exhibit in the center hall of the house shows Wallace Nuttings influence.</p><br>
<p>The Webb-Deane-Stevens Museum gives tours of the house April through November but requires appointments for tours January through March. The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966.</p><br>
<p>The Kimberly Mansion is a historic house at 1625 Main Street in Glastonbury, Connecticut, United States. It was the home of Abby and Julia Evelina Smith, political activists involved in causes including abolitionism and womens suffrage. By contesting the assessment on their property and protesting against "taxation without representation," they brought international attention to the cause of womens rights.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Smith family hosted abolitionist meetings and lectures in their home and on their lawn. They collected signatures for an anti-slavery petition and sent it to former president John Quincy Adams to present to Congress.</p><br>
<p>In 1873, late in their lives, they became tax resisters when they began a two-year fight with local authorities over an inequitable property tax assessment on their property, Kimberly Farm. They owned the most valuable property in town and believed they were being exploited by the town tax collector. In Connecticut at the time, women had no vote and therefore no voice in the disposition of their taxes. They refused to pay their tax until they were given representation. Abby took their concerns to the town council where she said:</p><br>
<p>The motto of our government is Proclaim liberty to all inhabitants of the land! and here, where liberty is so highly extolled and glorified by every man in it, one-half of the inhabitants are not put under her laws, but are ruled over by the other half, who can take all they possess. How is Liberty pleased with such worship?</p><br>
<p>The town responded by seizing their Alderney cows, auctioning them off and attempting to auction their farm as well. The sisters were able to buy the cows back and fought the town in court, ultimately winning. The case brought wide national attention to the sisters, their cows and the cause of women&#39;s suffrage.</p><br>
<p>The sisters came from an accomplished and nonconformist family. The sisters&#39; parents were Zephaniah Smith, a lawyer and former Sandemanian minister, and Hannah Hickok, an amateur mathematician and poet. There were three other sisters: Hancy, an inventor; Laurilla, an artist and Cyrinthia, a poet. She published the translation herself in 1876 as an example of the accomplishments that women are capable of.</p><br>
<p>The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974 for its association with the Smith sisters and its role in their protest. The large wooden two-story farmhouse was built in the early 18th century by the Connecticut politician Eleazer Kimberly. Zephaniah Smith bought the house in 1790.</p><br>
<p>The Lafayette B. Mendel House is an historic Italianate house at 18 Trumbull Street in New Haven, Connecticut. This building, designed by New Haven architect Henry Austin, was the home of Yale University physiology professor, Lafayette Benedict Mendel  from 1900 to 1924. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976 for its association with Mendel, who discovered vitamins A and B, and greatly expanded knowledge of nutrition and food-related biochemistry. The building now houses a law firm.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Mendel House is a two-story brick building, three bays wide, with a hip roof that has a square cupola at its center, and wide eaves. The main entrance is sheltered by a portico supported by Doric columns. The building is not particularly sophisticated in its architecture, and has been attributed to New Haven architect Henry Austin. It stands in a neighborhood that was developed predominantly in the 1880s, but its construction date is now generally given as 1858 and the house is depicted in a map of the City of New Haven from 1879. The interior of the house has retained much of its original woodwork and styling, despite the addition of partitioning for use as professional offices. The house was purchased by Lafayette Mendel in 1900, and was his home until 1924.</p><br>
<p>Mendel was born in New York City in 1873 to German immigrants, and entered Yale University in 1887 as the youngest member of his class. After receiving a Ph.D. focused on classical liberal arts, he became an assistant at Yale&#39;s Sheffield Scientific School, in the biochemistry lab of Russell Henry Chittenden. During a long and distinguished career there, he made significant advances in the understanding of nutrition and digestion, identifying the chemical compositions of some foods, and isolating and identifying substances in milk critical for the maintenance of life that we now call vitamins. In collaboration with Thomas B. Osborne, Mendel substantially advanced knowledge of amino acids, and quantified the nutritive differences between different types of proteins.</p><br>
<p>The Commodore Hotel is an Art Deco-style former hotel building in Portland, Oregon, United States. It was built in 1925 and designed by Herman Brookman. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>When the building was added to the National Register, it had already ceased to be used as a hotel and was vacant. Plans to renovate the building and convert it into apartments were approved by the Portland Development Commission that year.</p><br>
<p>Gildas Italian Restaurant opened in the buildings ground floor in 2010.</p><br>
<p>The Gerald Harbach Round Barn is a round barn near Eleroy, an unincorporated community in Stephenson County, Illinois, United States. The builder and designer of the building are unknown but it is very similar to round barns designed by the team of Jeremiah Shaffer and the Hass Brothers. It was probably built around the same time as the James Bruce Round Barn, erected in 1914, in Freeport. The Harbach Round Barn was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The 55 foot (16.8 m) diameter Gerald Harbach Round Barn stands upon a poured concrete foundation near the unincorporated community of Eleroy in Stephenson County, Illinois, United States. The wood sided exterior has been covered in asphalt since the buildings construction. The barns main, ground level entrance, is in the west quadrant and over the entrance is the loft door which is a rectangular opening in the ceiling. Each rafter of the single hip roof is braced with a nailed beam four feet (1.2 m) above and four feet (1.2 m) below, on the opposite side, the roof hip. In addition, there are beams nailed diagonally between the studs in the loft to brace the building against strong winds. The roof exterior is capped with a short cupola.</p><br>
<p>Out of the extant barns in Stephenson County that have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places the Harbach Round Barn is the most altered from its original state. The two, interior loft plates have been replaced with steel beams, hoisted by steel jacks. The animal entrance, in the southeast quadrant of the barn, has also been sealed since the building is primarily used for storage.</p><br>
<p>The precise builder and designer of the Harbach Round Barn are unknown. The characteristics of the roof joints and studs suggest that the barn was built around the same time as the Charles Fehr Round Barn, near Orangeville, and the James Bruce Round Barn near Freeport, though, much like the designer, the exact date of construction is unknown. The Bruce Round Barn, a Shaffer and Haas structure was built in 1914. These characteristics also suggest that the barn was designed by the Haas Brothers&ndash;Jeremiah Shaffer team.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Gerald Harbach Round Barn is one of 31 round barns that were constructed in a four county area, the Stephenson County area, that includes Winnebago County, Stephenson County and Rock and Green Counties in Wisconsin. Twenty one of those barns, including the Harbach Round Barn are within Stephenson County.</p><br>
<p>The Harbach Round Barn is an example of a noteworthy design variation within round barn design, specifically because of its specially braced roof. It is not entirely unique; its cupola and roof make it very similar to the Fehr Round Barn. The main difference in the Fehr and Harbach Round Barns is the Harbach&#39;s lack of a central storage silo. The building was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on February 23, 1984 as part of a Multiple Property Submission.</p><br>
<p>The Dennis Otte Round Barn is a round barn in the USA state of Illinois near the unincorporated Stephenson County community of Eleroy. The barn was built in 1930 by Herman Altenbern and has a diameter of 54 feet . The barn is representative of the last round barn design variations that evolved. The Otte Round Barn was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Dennis Otte Round Barn was built in 1930 by Herman Altenbern for Carl Richards near the community of Eleroy in Stephenson County, Illinois, United States. Richards&#39; father had a round barn previously erected.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Dennis Otte Round Barn is 54 feet (16.5 m) in diameter and stands upon a poured concrete foundation. The barn&#39;s main entrance is found in its east quadrant, where it faces due east. The door opens into a central crib which bisects the building. Animal stalls are arranged on either side of the crib in a semi circular pattern, they are divided with hewn and sawed posts which support a concentric loft plate with a radius of about 27 feet (8.2 m). The single hip roof is supported by a 2 by 6 inch (5.1 by 15.2 cm) beam nailed to each rafter four feet (1.2 m) above, and four feet (1.2 m) below on the opposite side, the roof hip. This is similar to the nearby Gerald Harbach Round Barn. The wooden shingled roof is capped by a short, squat cupola. The loft plate, the flooring and the loft piers were all constructed from previously used materials.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Dennis Otte Round Barn is one of 31 round barns that were constructed in a four county area, the Stephenson County area, that includes Winnebago County, Stephenson County and Rock and Green Counties in Wisconsin.</p><br>
<p>While the design of the Otte Round Barn is consistent with the designs found during the second phase of Stephenson County, Illinois round barn construction it does have key differences which set it apart from other similar barns. Similarities are found in the single hip roof, the squat cupola and the special rafter bracing technique. The use of salvaged materials reflects the Depression era economy during which the Otte Round Barn was constructed. These characteristic reflect the last design variation found in Stephenson County round barns. The Otte Round Barn was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on February 23, 1984 as part of a Multiple Property Submission.</p><br>
<p>The Charles Fehr Round Barn is a round barn in the USA state of Illinois near the Stephenson County village of Orangeville. The barn was built in 1912 by the team of Jeremiah Shaffer and the Haas Brothers about one half mile from the Illinois&ndash;Wisconsin state border. The building is the first round barn in the Stephenson County area, home to 31 round barns, with a hip roof. The building was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Charles Fehr Round Barn was built in 1912 for Walter Knott. The building stands on a concrete foundation near the Stephenson County village of Orangeville, about one half mile from the Illinois&ndash;Wisconsin state border.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The original design of the 56 foot (17.1 m) diameter round barn included a rooftop cupola as well as a silo on the barns southeast quadrant. Both of these features are no longer extant, the barn is otherwise in unaltered condition. The structure was built and designed by the team of Jeremiah Shaffer and the Haas Brothers. The loft is supported by a central concrete shaft, at its apex joists radiate outward from it. Access to the loft is obtained through an earthen ramp on the buildings west side and the animal entrance is found on the barns southeast side. Both entrances are covered by an overhang. The single hip roof is braced on its interior by a 2 by 6 inch (5.1 by 15.2 cm) beam nailed to each rafter four feet (1.2 m) above, and four feet (1.2 m) below on the opposite side, the roof hip. The exterior wooden roof is covered with asphalt shingles and the barns original siding has been covered with sheet metal.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Charles Fehr Round Barn is one of 31 round barns that were constructed in a four county area, the Stephenson County area, that includes Winnebago and Stephenson Counties as well as Rock and Green Counties in Wisconsin.</p><br>
<p>The Fehr Round Barn illustrates the evolution of round barn design, especially in the Stephenson County area. The barn was the first in the area to be built with a hip roof. This roof style set the structures design apart from the typical round barn designed based on recommendations from the University of Illinois and the University of Wisconsin–Madisons Agricultural Experiment Stations. The building represents the ability of local builders and designers to create their own ideas without the stations influence. The Fehr Round Barn was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on February 23, 1984 as part of a Multiple Property Submission.</p><br>
<p>Bishop Hill Colony is a historic district in Bishop Hill, Illinois. Bishop Hill was the site of a utopian religious community which operated as a commune. It was founded in 1846 by Swedish pietist Eric Janson and his followers. The community was named Bishop Hill after the parish of Biskopskulla in Uppland, Sweden.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Founded in 1846 by religious dissidents who emigrated from Sweden to establish a new way of life on the Illinois prairie, the colony was run as a commune until its dissolution in 1861. The Bishop Hill Colony was the landmark Swedish settlement in Western Illinois leading the large Swedish-American communities in Galesburg, Rock Island, and Chicago. Its archives, artifacts, and structures today are important documents for the study of immigration, ethnic heritage, and 19th century communitarian societies."</p><br>
<p>A number of historically significant buildings have survived and are scattered throughout the village, four of which are owned by the state of Illinois and managed as part of the Bishop Hill State Historic Site. In addition to the historic structures, the state owns the village park with a gazebo and memorials to the town’s early settlers and Civil War soldiers. A brick museum building houses a valuable collection of folk art paintings by colonist Olof Krans. The site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1984.</p><br>
<p>In celebration of the 2018 Illinois Bicentennial, Bishop Hill Colony was selected as one of the Illinois 200 Great Places by the American Institute of Architects Illinois component (AIA Illinois).</p><br>
<h3>Erik Janson</h3><br>
<p>The village was founded led by Erik Janson. Prior to founding the Bishop Hill Colony, Jansson preached to his followers in Sweden about what he considered to be the abominations of the Lutheran Church and emphasized the doctrine that the faithful were without sin. As Jansson&#39;s ideas became more radical, he began to lose support from many of his sympathizers and was forced to leave Sweden in the midst of growing persecution. Jansson had previously sent Olof Olsson, a trusted follower, as an emissary to the United States to find a suitable location where the Janssonists could set up a utopian community centered around their religious beliefs. According to Jansson, this community would become the "New Jerusalem", and their beliefs would soon spread across the world. As a result, 1400 colonists emigrated from Sweden to their new home in western Illinois.</p><br>
<p>The colony struggled early on after its founding. Many of the first 1000 colonists died from disease on the way to Bishop Hill (named for Eric Jansson&#39;s birthplace, Biskopskulla), while others became disillusioned and stayed in New York. The quarters in Bishop Hill were cold and crowded and food was scarce. After the first winter, life at the colony began to improve. In the next few years housing was upgraded from dugouts to brick living areas, and crops were planted on 700 acre of land. By 1849, Bishop Hill had constructed a flour mill, two sawmills, a three-story frame church, and various other buildings. The Bishop Hill Colony was communistic in nature, as dictated by Jansson. Thus, everything was owned by everyone and no one had more possessions than another. Work in the colony was highly rigorous and regimented. It was not uncommon to see hundreds of people working together in the fields or large groups of laborers engaged in other tasks.</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>Monte Cristo Cottage  was the summer home of American actor James ONeill and his family, notably his son Eugene O&#39;Neill. It is a National Historic Landmark located at 325 Pequot Avenue in New London, Connecticut.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>James ONeill came to New London, Connecticut in June 1884 and purchased two plots of land on Pequot Avenue for his wife Ellas 27th birthday. The property included a cottage built in the 1840s which he expanded. It is now a two-story house, three bays wide with a porch that wraps around the front to the north side. A tower with pyramidal roof stands just beyond the porch on the north side. It was the principal family residence during Eugene ONeills childhood.</p><br>
<p>As a child, Eugene spent much of the year traveling with his actor father touring from city to city, but the family returned to this cottage each summer. It was named for the play in which his father starred in touring productions for many years. ONeill probably wrote his first two plays here, and it is the setting of his plays Ah, Wilderness! and Long Days Journey into Night.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<p>The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1971 for its association with ONeill. and operates it as a historic house museum, furnished to appear as it might have for the setting of Long Days Journey into Night. The house also features exhibits about ONeills life and works, as well as artifacts and memorabilia, including the desk which he used to write his drama Anna Christie which won him the Pulitzer Prize.</p><br>
<p>The Oliver Ellsworth Homestead, also known as Elmwood, is a historic house museum at 788 Palisado Avenue in Windsor, Connecticut. Built in 1781, it was the home of the American lawyer and politician Oliver Ellsworth until his death in 1807, and was designated a National Historic Landmark because of this association. A Founding Father of the United States, Ellsworth  helped draft the United States Constitution, served as the third Chief Justice of the United States, and was a United States senator from Connecticut. The house is owned and maintained and operated as a museum by the, and is open for tours upon request.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Ellsworth House stands in northern Windsor, on the east side of Palisado Avenue (Connecticut Route 159), near its junction with Macktown Road. Palisado Avenue is a historically old road, originally serving as the main north–south route on the west bank of the Connecticut River.</p><br>
<p>The house is a -story wood-frame structure, with a side-gable roof and clapboarded exterior. Its main facade is five bays wide, with a two-bay extension to the south that is recessed beneath a shared roofline supported by Tuscan columns. The original five-bay block has end chimneys. The main entrance is at its center, sheltered by a 19th-century gabled portico. The interior retains features of the late 19th century, including furnishings and decorative materials associated with Oliver Ellsworth and his family.</p><br>
<p>A house was built on this site in 1740 by David Ellsworth, and it is in that house that Oliver Ellsworth was raised. Documentary records show that Oliver Ellsworth, having inherited the property, contracted in 1781 for the construction of a new house on the site of the old, which may have reused some of its elements, including the foundation. His family moved in the following year, and it remained his home until his death in 1807. The two-bay extension to the south was added in 1788, although the roofline and Tuscan columns are a 19th-century alteration.</p><br>
<p>The name Elmwood derives from the thirteen elm trees Ellsworth planted in honor of the Thirteen Colonies. Elmwood was visited by two sitting Presidents: George Washington (on October 21, 1789) and John Adams (October 3, 1799). The house was occupied by the Ellsworth family until 1903 when it was given to the Connecticut Daughters of the American Revolution. The homestead was restored in the late 1980s and early 1990s and is now a museum. The property includes a meeting hall built in the 1930s, which the DAR make available as a function and event space.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970, and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Oliver Wolcott House is a historic colonial home at South Street near Wolcott Avenue in Litchfield, Connecticut. It was built in 1753 by Founding Father Oliver Wolcott Sr., a signer of the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation, and a state militia leader in the American Revolutionary War. It is the oldest house in the borough. It was the home of Oliver Wolcott Sr. , and is where his son Oliver Wolcott Jr., was born. Many distinguished guests visited the Wolcott House, including Lafayette and George Washington, who stayed there in 1780 during his first visit to Litchfield. It is located on South Street, nearly opposite to Wolcott Avenue. The house is not open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Wolcott House is a -story wood-frame structure, five bays wide, with a side-gable roof and a large central chimney. A -story gambrel-roofed ell extends south from the main block, and a two-story service wing extends to the rear. The main entrance is sheltered by a Federal period pediment supported by fluted columns and topped by a broken-gable pediment.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1753 by Oliver Wolcott, Sr., the son of Roger Wolcott, who was the colonial governor of Connecticut at the time of the house&#39;s construction. Wolcott lived in the house until his death in 1797. For most of the 20th century the house was also owned by Wolcott descendants.</p><br>
<p>Oliver Wolcott, Sr. was born in Windsor, Connecticut (in a part that is now South Windsor) in 1726. He graduated from Yale College in 1747 and then studied medicine. He moved to Litchfield in 1751, and quickly became one of its leading citizens, serving as sheriff, judge, and member of the colonial legislature. He was an active supporter of independence in the American Revolution, serving as a delegate to the Continental Congress from 1775 to 1783, during which time he signed the United States Declaration of Independence. He was also active in the state militia, commanding a brigade at the Second Battle of Saratoga in October 1777, and overseeing Connecticut&#39;s defenses later in the war. In 1784 he served on the delegation which negotiated the Treaty of Fort Stanwix with the remains of the Iroquois Confederacy. He served two consecutive partial terms as Governor of Connecticut, from January 1796 (taking over from Samuel Huntington, who died in office), until his own death in office in December 1797.</p><br>
<p>The William P. Hepburn House is a historic house and National Historic Landmark in Clarinda, Iowa. It was home to United States Congressman William P. Hepburn  from about 1867 until his death. Hepburn most significantly introduced the Hepburn Act of 1906, which gave the Federal government the power to set railroad rates, and was an important precedent in Federal regulation of private industry. The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976. It is a private residence, not generally open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Hepburn house is located in a residential area west of downtown Clarinda, at the northeast corner of West Lincoln and North 19th Streets. The house stands at the top of a rise from which Hepburn would have had a view of the city&#39;s downtown, but it is now hemmed in by trees and residential development. The house is a -story wood-frame structure, roughly L-shaped, with a cross-gable roof, clapboard siding, and a brick foundation. Extending north along the eastern facade (the main facade of the building) is a flat-roof veranda, and there is a mansard-roofed tower located at the crook of the L.</p><br>
<p>The house was from 1867 until his death in 1916 the primary residence of William P. Hepburn, and the best-preserved of two residences associated with his political life (the other is a townhouse in Washington, DC). Hepburn, trained as a lawyer and a veteran of the American Civil War, served as member of the United States House of Representatives 1880–1886 and 1892–1908. During the second period he chaired the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, and was instrumental in the passage of what became known as the Hepburn Act, groundbreaking legislation that greatly expanded the authority of the Interstate Commerce Commission, especially with regard to railroad rates and fiscal oversight. He also played an important role in authorizing construction of the Panama Canal, and sought to curb the power of the Speaker of the House Joseph G. Cannon.</p><br>
<p>The Prudence Crandall Museum is a historic house museum, sometimes called the Elisha Payne House for its previous owner. It is located on the southwest corner of the junction of Connecticut Routes 14 and 169, on the Canterbury, Connecticut village green. It is designated a USA National Historic Landmark as Prudence Crandall House.</p><br>
<h2>The Canterbury Female Boarding School</h2><br>
<p>The house is notable for having been the site of Prudence Crandall&#39;s Canterbury Female Boarding School.</p><br>
<p>The house was empty and for sale in 1831, and Crandall purchased the house for a $500 down payment plus a $1500 mortgage. The school operated from 1831 to 1833 for white students, but the admission of one black student, by all reports highly qualified, caused parents of the white students to withdraw their daughters, threatening the schools survival. Crandall closed the school and reopened it in 1833 for African-American students, whom she called "young Ladies and little Misses of color". The school was vigorously opposed by the residents of Canterbury, who feared an African-American migration. When their attempts to close it through legal methods were not immediately successful, they resorted to violence, forcing Crandall to close the school in 1834 out of concern for the students safety. Crandall left Connecticut, never to return. For her vision and brave actions at this school, Prudence Crandall is Connecticut&#39;s official state heroine. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Construction and architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1805, and "is a notable example of what has been termed the Canterbury type because of several similar examples in the vicinity. It shows the peculiar roof form of gable on hip with twin chimneys, a triangular pediment at the eaves above a projecting pavilion at center of the facade, which carries a Palladian window lighting the stair hall at second floor level and an elaborate entrance doorway."</p><br>
<p>The main cornice around the entire house includes modillion blocks just above a Greek fret. The two front corners of the house sport "fluted pilasters on high bases", which "also flank the central pavilion, framing also in miniature the elements of the Palladian window, which exhibits keystone arches and Gothic arch muntins in the large section." The Gothic pattern is "repeated in the lunette occupying the tympanum of the roof-line pediment above, which also has modillions and Greek fret under the raking cornice." The Palladian window is the combination window on the 2nd story, including a central large window with over-window plus two narrow side windows, separated by pilasters.</p><br>
<p>The foundation is of dressed stone blocks.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the ornamental fireplace mantel is original, as is the stairway and almost all moldings and other interior elements.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>The house was surveyed in 1940 by the Historic American Buildings Survey, which termed it the "Elisha Payne House" and also the "Prudence Crandall School for Negro Girls", a name the school never had when open.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<p>The house was studied in depth in 1981. The study "concluded that there had been only minor changes to the house since the occupancy of Prudence Crandall and that approximately 95% of the structure is unaltered."</p><br>
<p>The building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1991.</p><br>
<p>It is located within the Canterbury Center Historic District, another listing on the National Register of Historic Places. The house is a museum and includes period rooms, changing exhibits, a small research library (available for in-house study) and a gift shop.</p><br>
<p>Crystal Ballroom, originally built as Cotillion Hall, is a historic building on Burnside Street in Portland, Oregon, United States. Cotillion Hall was built in 1914 as a ballroom, and dance revivals were held there through the Great Depression. Starting in the 1960s, the hall has also been host to many popular pop, rock, folk, blues and jazz artists, as well as beat poetry and other entertainment.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>What is now known as the Crystal Ballroom was constructed in 1913–1914 and opened in early 1914, as Ringler&#39;s Cotillion Hall.</p><br>
<p>Originally owned by Montrose Ringler, the ballroom fell victim to heavy persecution of jazz and dance and Ringler lost the ballroom in the early 1920s. The ballroom was bought by Dad Watson in the mid-1920s, and largely held square dances during that period. After Watsons death in the 1930s, Ralph Farrier bought the ballroom and renamed it the Crystal Ballroom. He continued in Watsons footsteps, holding square dances through the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1960s, due to flagging revenues, new acts were brought in, such as gypsy brass bands and R&B performers, such as James Brown, Marvin Gaye, and Ike & Tina Turner.</p><br>
<p>In 1967, largely psychedelic acts such as the Grateful Dead, Blue Cheer, and The Electric Prunes performed in the ballroom. This was cut short in 1968, due to concerns about what such music was doing to the youth of Portland.</p><br>
<p>From the 1970s through the mid-1990s, the ballroom was not used for any public events. It became a residence for squatters, artists and bohemians, who used it as studio space, and occasionally private invite-only parties were given. In 1979, the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Cotillion Hall.</p><br>
<p>In 1997, the ballroom was re-opened by McMenamins, featuring Ringlers bar/restaurant on the first floor, the little sister of the historic Crystal Ballroom, Lola&#39;s Room, is located on the second floor, and the restored Crystal Ballroom on the third floor.</p><br>
<p>The main ballroom features a mechanical "floating" dance floor, thought at the time of its building to be the only one on the West Coast, and is potentially the only one still in existence in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Following the reopening of the Crystal Ballroom in 1997, McMenamins expanded the nearby Crystal Hotel to reflect the historical significance of the Ballrooms memorable performances. The fifty-one guest rooms at the Crystal Hotel are named after songs or performances from the Crystal Ballrooms last one hundred years. The hotel also offers pre- and post-show concerts in conjunction with the Ballroom.</p><br>
<p>In 2000 or 2001 a large 20x20 square opening was cut into the center/middle edge of the main ballroom floor to make additional fire exits in order to sell more tickets for live music events. This is potentially the only hole of its kind in a "floating" dance floor still in existence in the United States.</p><br>
<p>During the early hours of April 14, 2014, the ballroom was evacuated during a show by Schoolboy Q due to a possible crack in a support beam.</p><br>
<p>Oregon bands that have played at the Crystal Ballroom include Portland&#39;s Everclear (band)</p><br>
<p>Everclear in 01, Cherry Poppin Daddies in 02, Portlands The Decemberists in 14, Modest Mouse (originally from Seattle) in 04, The Shins (originally from New Mexico) in 05, and Portugal. The Man (originally from Alaska) in 2017.</p><br>
<h3>Urban legend concerning Jimi Hendrix</h3><br>
<p>An urban legend in the Portland area purports that on April 5, 1965, Little Richard fired guitarist Jimi Hendrix onstage during a concert at the ballroom, allegedly for lack of skill. This alleged incident has been played up in marketing literature for the ballroom published by McMenamins. It is known that Little Richard did play the Crystal on that date, and that Hendrix was in his touring band for much of 1965. In addition, the two men did have a rocky relationship, with Hendrix leaving and rejoining the tour several times. However, there is no documented evidence that Hendrix played with Little Richard on that particular date, or that Little Richard fired any musicians onstage that day (Hendrix or otherwise). In addition, Hendrix would appear with Little Richard at shows in other cities later that same month, and he had a well-established reputation as a guitarist by that point in his career.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<p>The Crystal Ballroom—the third floor of the building—has high ceilings, a balcony, grand chandeliers, murals, and wide floor-to-ceiling arched windows.</p><br>
<p>The room can be rented for group meetings of up to 1,000 people or, in concert configuration, up to 1,500 standing persons or 850 seated.</p><br>
